Chapter 19 Ts and Qs

Estates general

A legislative body in the pre-Revolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes or state those called into session and 7089 for the first time since 1614. Unlike modern assemblies the Estates General did not meet regularly; instead, it was summoned occasionally by the king, often in times of war or crisis. The Estates General had no sovereign or legislative power, its role was to advise or support the king. The first Estates General was gathered by King Philip IV in 1302, in the midst of a conflict with the Pope. During the 15th and 16th centuries the Estates General was convened sporadically, usually when the king sought the political, financial or military support of the Three Estates. The last Estates General before the French Revolution was held in 1614. It was not convened during the 72-year reign of Louis XIV, who considered the Estates General unnecessary in an age of absolute monarchical power, or his successor Louis XV. When Louis XVI summoned the Estates General for 1789, many considered it a revolution, a sign that his monarchical power had collapsed.

Girondists

A moderate group that fought for control of the French national convention 1793. The Joannes us in the mountains for two opposing groups from the Jacob and club. The division emerged clearly after the national convention overwhelming convicted of Louis XVI of treason. The job and it excepted his guilt but did not wish to put the king to death. However the mountain carry the day and the king was executed on January 21 1793 by guillotine. However both groups which are determined to continue the war against Tyranny

Jacobins

A political club and Revolutionary France his members were well educated radical publicans.Although delicates in the legislative assembly or still prosperous well educated and no classmen they were younger and less cautious in the professors. Does the national assembly has declared sitting deputies in eligible for real lection none of them have previously served as national presented as many of them belong to the political Jacob and clip. Such clubs have profited and Parisian neighborhoods. Jake up and other deputies really acted the patriotic fury to the declaration of plants they set up the kings of Europe were attempting to inside work and his friends then we will insert a war of people against Kings 10 million Frenchman, Kendall by the fire of liberty, armed with a sword, with reason, with eloquence would able to change the fact the world and make the tyrants trouble on the thrones. And April 1792 friends declared war on France is the second of Austria the Habsburg monarch.

Thermidorian Reaction

A reaction to the violence of the reign of terror and 1794 resulting in the execution as many people and loosening of economic controls. The success of French armies let the committee of Public Safety to relax state emergency economic controls, but the committee extended the political realm of terror. In March 1794 the revolutionary trip funeral sentence many of its critics of death. Two weeks later Rob a spear sent long-standing collaborators who we believe Ted trying to guesstimate including Denton to the guillotine. In June 1794 a new law remove defendants rights of legal counsel and criminalized criticism of the revolution.A group of radicals of moderate to the convention knowing that they might be next organize a conspiracy they how done the man what he try to speak to the national convention on July 27, 1794 a date known as nine Thermidor according to Francis new adopted Republican calendar the next day it was Robespierre's turn to be guillotined. His closest airport is follow the leader to the guillotine respectable middle-class lawyer superficial's friend let the Revolution of 1789 research at their authority. This became known as the period of Thermodorian reaction. This. Harkens back to the ideas of the Everly revolution; the new leaders of the government proclaimed an end to the revolutionary expectancy of the terror and the return of representative government, the rule of law, and liberal economic pull all the seas and 1795 the national convention abolished many economic controls the prices rise sharply severely restricted the local political organizations the wich Thermidorian Reaction the same collects exerted their strength Thermidor represents the final throes of the Reign of Terror. With Robespierre the sole remaining strong-man of the Revolution following the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat and the executions of Jacques Hébert Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins his apparently total grasp on power became in fact increasingly illusory, especially insofar as he seemed to have support from factions to his right. His only real political power at this time lay in the Jacobin Club, which had extended itself beyond the borders of Paris and into the country as a network of "Popular Societies". In addition to widespread reaction to the Reign of Terror, Robespierre's tight personal control of the military, his distrust of military might and of banks, and his opposition to supposedly corrupt individuals in government, made him the subject of a number of conspiracies. The conspiracies came together on 9 Thermidor (when members of the national bodies of the revolutionary government arrested Robespierre as well as the leaders of the Paris city government.In an attempt to slander his reputation in the eyes of the general population, his adversaries would often refer to him as a "tyrant" or a "monster", supporting this allegation with the fact that the French Revolution had destroyed the prosperity of the French people.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

As the great fear was spreading the national assembly responded to the Swelha popular uprising what does surprise maneuver on the night of August 4 and 79. By decree of assembly all the old noble privileges - peasants surf dumb, exclusive hunting rights, fees were having legal case of judged in the Lords Court, the right to make peasants work on roads, and A host of other dues - were abolished them along with it this page to the church. From this point on, French peasants would stick may lead to protect and consolidate this victory. On August 27, 1789, the assembly further issued the declaration of rights of the men and of the citizen this clarion call of the liberal revolutionary ideals guarantee the quality before the law, representative government for a sovereign people, an individual freedom. This revolutionary credo only two pages long, was disamenity did throughout France and the rest of Europe and around the world. The national assembly's declaration had little practical effect for the poor and hungry people of France. The economic crisis worsened after the fall of that the tile, as Astor Kratz fled the country and the luxury market collapsed. Foreign markets also strength, and unemployment among the urban working class is Grill. In addition, woman - the traditional managers of food and resources and poor homes Dash no longer look to the church, which of been stripped of its test for aid.

sans-culottes

Delivering poor Paris, so called because the men were trousers and the kneebreeches of the aristocracy in the middle class; the word came to referred to the militant radicals of the city. And March 1793 at the national convention was locked in a life-and-death political struggle three members of the mountain and the more moderate deleted within Yep Castelli get the Betterley divided the people Paris once again emerge at the size of political factor. . Delivery port in the petty traders were often known as sans-culottes because of the men were trousers and set of the kneebreeches of the aristocracy in the solid middle class. They demanded radical political action to defend a revolution. The mountain, something an opportunity to outmaneuver the ginger us, one with the Sancolis activist to engineer a popular uprising. On June 2, 1793, armed Sancolis invaded the convention enforce its deputies to rest 29 Ginger is deputies for treason I hope our paths of the mountain. The convention also form to the committee of Public Safety in April 1793 the deal with the threats from within and outside France. The committee, read by Rob is fair how did Torio power, allowing it to use whatever force necessary to defend revolution what you say. Mother is leading in provincial cities revolted against the committees power and demanded and decentralized government. Counterrevolutionary forces and the bandit one significant victory other publics on these wooden back on all fronts. By July 1793 only the areas around Paris on the on the Eastern front tier were firmly held by the central government.

Bastille-(what does it symbolize)

Economic hardship grip the common people, conditions were already tough due to the government debt disastrous financial situation. A poor grain harvest in the 1788 cause the price of bread to store, and inflation spread quickly through the economy. As a result demand for manufactured goods collapsed, and many artesian is and small tray just left work. Against this back on the property and political crisis people Paris entered decisively to revolutionary stage. They believe that, to survive they should have steady work and enough bread at fair prices. They also feared that the dismissal of kings liberal finance minister would put them at the mercy of aristocracy. On July 14, 1789 several hundred people storm to pass the tile and Royal present to obtain weapons for the cities defense due to the knowledge of the spreading of the massive troops near Paris. This represents how the people, the common people, feared for their lives and for their Rights as human beings, they were worried about the countries economic state and what state that would leave then. They were also worried that they would not have any say in anything anymore due to the dismissal of the 3rd estate. Face with popular violence Louis soon announce the reinstatement of his finance minister and withdrawal of troops from Paris. The national assembly was not free to continue work. Peasants for the brunt of state taxation church that is and no privileges. Since most not on enough land to be self-sufficient they were hard hit by the rising prices bread.

Explain how the slave revolt on colonial St. Domingue led to the creation of the independent state of Haiti in 1804.

Events that led to the creation of the good independent nation of Haiti constitute the third, and perhaps the most extraordinary chapter of the revolutionary era in the late 18th century. Prior to 1789 St. doing the French colony does he come Haiti read huge profits through his system of slaved base plantation agriculture. Use of evolution in France Paris keg of contradictory aspirations among white planters, free people of color, and slaves. Well revolutionary authorities debated how far to extend the rights of man and sing to me, first free people of color, and then slave people took matters into their own hands rising up to cleanser for them. They succeeded, despite invasion of the British and Spanish and the Polian Bonaparte days bid to reimpose French control in 1804 Hitty became the only nation in history to claimants freedom through slave revolt.

Analyze the reasons Napoleon Bonaparte assumed control of France and much of Europe, and identify the factors that led to his downfall.

For almost 15 years from 1799 to 1814, France is the hands of keen minded military dictator of exceptional ability. One of histories most fascinating leaders Napoleon Bonaparte day realize that he needed to put an end to simple strides in France in order to create unity and consolidate his room. And he did. The Napoleon sans self as a man of destiny, and the glory of war and the dream of the universal empire proved irresistible. Four years he spiraled from victory to victory, but in the end he was destroyed by mighty collision united in fear of his restless and bishop. Napoleon left home and became a lieutenant in the French artillery and 7085 after be converted to the revolutionary cause and Ricely rapidly rising in the Republican army the Napoleon was placed in command in French forces in Italy and one brilliant victories there in 1796 1797. His next campaign, and Egypt was a failure, but Napoleon return to France before the fiasco was generally know, and his reputation he remained intact. French aggression in Egypt and elsewhere productive British to organize 1798 the second collation good also include Austria and Russia. Napoleon soon learned that some prominent members of the legislature replanning to get the directory the platters the satisfaction stem not so much of the directors rudely the Torley that's with that it was a week dictatorship. 10 years of a people and uncertainty of a firm rule much more peeling in liberty and popular politics to this allusion revolutionaries. The flamboyant 30 I was Napoleon was nationally favorite verse hair Harrison was ideal figure for authority Napoleon this conspirators ousted the directors and the following day soldiers to spend the legislator at the Bayon to point the plane was named first council the republic and a new constitution consolidating his position is overwhelming approved by nationwide about December 2017 is not the public appearance is maintained Napoleon became the ruler of France.

The committee of mass safety

In Massachusetts, as affairs drew toward a crisis, it became usual for towns to appoint three committees: of correspondence, of inspection, and of safety. The first was to keep the community informed of dangers either legislative or executive, and concert measures of public good; the second to watch for violations of non-importation agreements, or attempts of loyalists to evade them; the third to act as general executive while the legal authority was in abeyance. In February 1776 these were regularly legalized by the Massachusetts General Court but consolidated into one called the "Committee of Correspondence, Inspection, and Safety" to be elected annually by the towns.

levee en masse

In response to the dangers of foreign war, the Committee of public safety established a mass conscription (Levée en Masse) and succeeded in training an army of about 800,000 soldiers in less than a year. This was much larger than any army available to other European states, and laid the basis for Napoleon's domination of Europe. In addition to bringing out the creativity of the Committee of Public Safety, the Levée en Masse represents a turning point in the history of warfare. From now on, war was to become "total" involving all elements of the population, and all the reserves of the state.

The Mountain

Led by Rob a spear the national conventions radical faction which seized legislative power in 1793. A moderate group that fought for control of the French national convention 1793. The Joannes us in the mountains for two opposing groups from the Jacob and club. The division emerged clearly after the national convention overwhelming convicted of Louis XVI of treason. The job and it excepted his guilt but did not wish to put the king to death. However the mountain carry the day and the king was executed on January 21 1793 by guillotine. However both groups which are determined to continue the war against Tyranny. In March 1790 play the national convention was locked in a life-and-death political struggle between members of the mountain and the more moderate interest with the middle class delegates so bitterly divided the people of Paris once again emerged as the size of critical factor.

Assess the relative importance of political, economic and social factors as causes of the French revolution.

On August 27, 1789, the assembly further issued the declaration of rights of the men and of the citizen this clarion call of the liberal revolutionary ideals guarantee the quality before the law, representative government for a sovereign people, an individual freedom. This revolutionary credo only two pages long, was disamenity did throughout France and the rest of Europe and around the world. The national assembly's declaration had little practical effect for the poor and hungry people of France. The economic crisis worsened after the fall of that the tile, as Astor Kratz fled the country and the luxury market collapsed. Foreign markets also strength, and unemployment among the urban working class is Grill. In addition, woman - the traditional managers of food and resources and poor homes Dash no longer look to the church, which of been stripped of its test for aid.

Declaration of the Rights of woman

On October 5 some 7000 women March 12 miles from Paris to versus styles demand action. This great crowd invited the national assembly. Interrupting a delegate speech an old woman to finally shut at the debate "who's that talking up there? Make that chatterbox shut up. That's not the point: the point is we want bread quote. The woman invaded the Royal Apartments, killed some of the wild bodyguards, and search for the Queen Mary Antoinnette, who is widely despise for her frivolous and supposedly in moral behavior. It seems that likely it's only the intervention of life IL and National Guard state the Royal family. Liberal Ella it's brought the revolution into Bing and continued to leave politics. Get the people of France when aroused and would henceforth pay crucial role in the unfolding events. The national assembly follow the king to Paris and next two years after the woman's march on versatile's until September 1979 so the consolidation of liberal revolution in June 1790 the national assembly abolish the nobility and then July the kinks what upload the as your unwritten constitution effectively in trying a constitutional monarchy. Oh lawmaking power not resided in the national assembly, Y French male who possessed a set amount of property, the pricing roughly half of the male population. The constitution passed in September 1791 was the first in French history. Illegalize divorce and brought in woman's rights to inherit property and to obtain financial support for a little illegible and children from fathers, but excluded woman from political office in voting. Politically active woman wrote pamphlets fun clubs and petition the assembly I'll be half the woman's rights to dissipate in the life of the nation. Olympic UGGs, a self-taught writer and a woman of the people protested the evils of slavery as was the unjust is done to the woman. It's a different night 7090 want to publish a declaration rights of woman this pamphlet echo the famous process or the declaration of the rights of man and citizen proclaiming woman is born free I remain equal to Madame rights. This position found little symphony among leaders and of the revolution.

Identify the factors behind the revolutions in the late 18th century.

So factors behind the revolutions of the late 18th century are that the American revolution and its success inspired the French to question authority and how things are done, eventually leading to revolt and revolution. The British taxed many people without representation or with out an reason except to pay for debts and that of your social status. Since the French helped the colonies become America and defeat Britain , the British had a grudge against the French. In France the revolution was because the French peasants were starving due to the lack of government intervention with the price of goods. Not only that but many people believed that the monarchs were spending to much time, money and energy on buying expensive clothes, chocolates and other luxuries. When the peasants saw their families thin and sickly form the lack of food as well as heard their own stomachs growl, while in their eyes the nobles are stuffing them selves silly and buying yet another dress for yet another party, this upset many people and played a key role in the development of the French Revolution. Another factor was the Women's riot which was on October 5 some 7000 women March 12 miles from Paris to versus styles demand action. This great crowd invited the national assembly. Interrupting a delegate speech an old woman to finally shut at the debate "who's that talking up there? Make that chatterbox shut up. That's not the point: the point is we want bread quote. The woman invaded the Royal Apartments, killed some of the wild bodyguards, and search for the Queen Mary Antoinnette, who is widely despise for her frivolous and supposedly in moral behavior. It seems that likely it's only the intervention of life IL and National Guard state the Royal family. Get the people of France when aroused and would henceforth pay crucial role in the unfolding events. responded to Edmund Burke Reflections on the Revolutions in France-bourgeoisie.

First Estate

The First Estate contained around 130,000 ordained members of the Catholic church: from archbishops and bishops down to parish priests, monks, friars and nuns. The First Estate occupied a prestigious place in the social order. Belief in God, religion and the afterlife dominated late 18th century Europe, so for ordinary people the church and its clergy were the only avenues for understanding or accessing God and the afterlife. The church, therefore, had an ideological stronghold over the people and was an integral part of France's social and political framework. Religion underpinned royal authority by reinforcing the king's divine right to the throne. Higher clergy, such as a cardinals and archbishops, served as political advisors to the king. The state gave the Catholic church a virtual monopoly over religious matters; there were no other approved religions in France. The church was responsible for social policy and welfare and also carried out some functions of state. Its clergy conducted and registered marriages, baptisms and funerals; they delivered education to children and distributed charity to the poor. In rural areas, the local parish priest (or curé) was both a central figure and an influential leader in his community.

Explain how the French Revolution took a radical turn entailing terror at home and war with Europe.

The French Revolution took a radical turn entailing Terror at home and war with Europe because The success of French armies of the committee of Public Safety to relax emergency economic controls, can he extended the political banter. In March 1790 for the revolution tribunal since many of its could accident. The French revolution showed people that it was possible threefold against the correct monarchy or any corrupt government . However many people during the French Revolution with very scared about the outcome. Even if they want to change no matter how badly they want to do it they were still afraid that the revolutionary leaders might become just as bad as they currently are leaders. Many people put aside to believe and help the revolutionary costs believing that anything to be a good change no matter what the cost. Others still supported the monarchy because they are asked scared about the new revolution. If they stay with the morning at least they would know what is going to happen even if the last remaining happy. This shows how the French revolution took a radical turn entailing war at home and terror with Europe.

Second Estate

The Second Estate contained France's nobility: the men and women who possessed aristocratic titles like Baron or Chevalier. A noble title was not just an honorific: it also endowed its owner with certain rights and privileges, most notably an exemption from personal taxes. Not all noble titles were of equal status. The nobility, like the clergy, had its own natural hierarchy. Court nobles (those closest to the monarch) were the most prestigious. The noblesse d'epee ('nobles of the sword') earned their titles through military service, so considered themselves of greater importance. The noblesse de robe ('nobles of the robe') were granted their noble titles for non-military service, for their work as financiers, administrators, magistrates or court officials. Hundreds of men also acquired titles venally, by purchasing them from the crown rather than having them bestowed for service. Venality allowed wealthier members of the Third Estate to join the ranks of the Second Estate. In total, the Second Estate made up between one and one and a half per cent of the population.

The September Massacres

The September Massacres were a wave of killings in Paris and other cities in late summer 1792, during the French Revolution. There was a fear that foreign and royalist armies would attack Paris and that the inmates of the city's prisons would be freed and join them. Radicals called for preemptive action, especially journalist Jean-Paul Marat, who called on draftees to kill the prisoners before they could be freed The action was undertaken by mobs of National Guardsmen and some fédérés; it was tolerated by the city government, the Paris Commune, which called on other cities to follow suit. By 6 September, half the prison population of Paris had been summarily executed: some 1200 to 1400 prisoners. Of these, 233 were nonjuring Catholic priests who refused to submit to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. However, the great majority of those killed were common criminals. The massacres were repeated in many other French cities. No one was prosecuted for the killings, but the political repercussions first injured the Girondists seemed too moderate. and later the Jacobins seemed too bloodthirsty.

Third Estate

The Third Estate was by far the largest of these, containing around 27 million people or 98 per cent of the nation. The Third Estate included every French citizen who did not possess a noble title and was not ordained by the church. As might be expected within such a large group, the Third Estate was marked by considerable diversity. It housed many different classes and levels of wealth; many different professions and ideas; rural, urban and provincial people alike. Members of the Third Estate ranged from lowly beggars and struggling peasants to urban artisans and labourers; from the shopkeepers and commercial middle classes to the nation's wealthiest merchants and capitalists. Despite its enormous size and importance to the nation, the Third Estate was politically disregarded and economically exploited by the Ancien Régime. The frustrations, grievances and sufferings of the Third Estate ultimately gave rise to the French Revolution.

Anti-Federalists

The anti-federalist were people who did not believe in a strong central government that would be divided into three different branches executive legislative and judicial branch. The opponents of the proposed Constitution charge that the framers of the new document had taken too much power from the individual state and made the federal government to strong they said this and remembering the previous ruler, the king of England, and fear that their New country would end up being too much like a monarchy. To overcome these objections the federalist promised to spell out that these basic freedoms as soon as the new constitution was adopted. The result of all this was the first 10 admittance to the constitution which the first Congress passed shortly after they met in New York in March 1789. And effective Bill of Rights was formed to safeguard the individual person and set the anti-federalist to rest. Not only did the Bill of Rights is the minds of unsettle people in our country but are also proclaimed other rights that shape our country today. Freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom of religion reflected natural law theory and a strong values colonist had placed on the independence from the start.

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

The coercive acts were a series of different laws passed by British Parliament in order to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Teah party in 1773 was due to the tea act of that year which the British government permitted the financially hard hard-pressed East India Company to ship tea from China directly to its agents in the colonies rather than through London middle men, who sold to independent merchants in the colonies, thus the company secured a profitable monopoly on the tea trade, and colonial merchants or excluded. The price antique was actually lowered for colonists but the act generated a great deal of opposition because of its impact on local merchants. Responding to the Tea acts Boston men disguised as indigenous people the Native Americans and staged a rowdy protest that will be later known as the tea party and they boarded East India Company ships and threw tea from them to the harbor in response, the so-called intolerable acts of 1774 close the port of Boston curtailed local elections and expanded royal government's power. Some people in the British colonies urged that the acts were to be "rejected as the attempts of a wicked administration to enslave America". Other people believed that the British were right and joined the denunciations of the colonies. This led to the first Continental Congress created in September 1774. This Congress consisted of colonial delegates who sought at first to peacefully resolve conflicts with Britain they met in Philadelphia.

Explain why and how American colonists forged a new, independent nation

The colonists wanted to be independent because they were tired of the British authorities raising taxes on the colonies while not allowing the colonists to have an equal representation in Parliament or allowing colonists to have the same rights as British subjects. Despite the colonists' talks with Britain, nothing changed, and the people of the colonies moved towards independence. After the British government raised taxes once again with, the Stamp Act of 1765, the Townshend Tariffs of 1767 and the Tea Act of 1773, the colonists asked for additional representation and equal rights, but were denied. Immediately, the colonial resistance started following the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the Boston Tea Act in 1773. The First Continental Congress was created in September of 1774 with George Washington, Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry and John Jay present. The group met in Philadelphia, and while they did not demand independence, they did demand representation if there was to be taxation and additional rights that they did not have.

How did the events of 1789 result in a constitutional monarch in France? Describe the consequences.

The events of 1789 resulted in a constitutional monarch in France because they showed the common people, ( who during this time were at the majority but still had the least amount of say in many problems, hence the third estate) how unjust their environment was or at the least, to push the common people to speak out and voice their own opinions. In 1798 there was the estates General meeting at Versailles, third estate declares itself the national assembly, the tennis court oath, the storming of the Bastille, the Great Fear, the abolishment of feudal privileges, the declaration of the rights of man and citizen, woman march Versailles and the royal family returns to Paris, and the National Assembly confiscates church land. The third estate was also a big factor in the result of a constitutional monarch in France. The Third Estate was by far the largest of the estates general, containing around 27 million people or 98 per cent of the nation. The Third Estate included every French citizen who did not possess a noble title and was not ordained by the church. As might be expected within such a large group, the Third Estate was marked by considerable diversity. It housed many different classes and levels of wealth; many different professions and ideas; rural, urban and provincial people alike. Members of the Third Estate ranged from lowly beggars and struggling peasants to urban artisans and labourers; from the shopkeepers and commercial middle classes to the nation's wealthiest merchants and capitalists. Despite its enormous size and importance to the nation, the Third Estate was politically disregarded and economically exploited by the Ancien Régime. The frustrations, grievances and sufferings of the Third Estate ultimately gave rise to the French Revolution. The storming of Bastille because Economic hardship grip the common people, conditions were already tough due to the government debt disastrous financial situation. A poor grain harvest in the 1788 cause the price of bread to store, and inflation spread quickly through the economy. As a result demand for manufactured goods collapsed, and many artesian is and small tray just left work. Against this back on the property and political crisis people Paris entered decisively to revolutionary stage. They believe that, to survive they should have steady work and enough bread at fair prices. They also feared that the dismissal of kings liberal finance minister would put them at the mercy of aristocracy. On July 14, 1789 several hundred people storm to pass the tile and Royal present to obtain weapons for the cities defense due to the knowledge of the spreading of the massive troops near Paris. This represents how the people, the common people, feared for their lives and for their Rights as human beings, they were worried about the countries economic state and what state that would leave then. They were also worried that they would not have any say in anything anymore due to the dismissal of the 3rd estate. Face with popular violence Louis soon announce the reinstatement of his finance minister and withdrawal of troops from Paris. The national assembly was not free to continue work. Peasants for the brunt of state taxation church that is and no privileges. Since most not on enough land to be self-sufficient they were hard hit by the rising prices bread. The deceleration on the rights of man As the great fear was spreading the national assembly responded to the Swelha popular uprising what does surprise maneuver on the night of August 4 and 79. By decree of assembly all the old noble privileges - peasants surf dumb, exclusive hunting rights, fees were having legal case of judged in the Lords Court, the right to make peasants work on roads, and A host of other dues - were abolished them along with it this page to the church. From this point on, French peasants would stick may lead to protect and consolidate this victory. On August 27, 1789, the assembly further issued the declaration of rights of the men and of the citizen this clarion call of the liberal revolutionary ideals guarantee the quality before the law, representative government for a sovereign people, an individual freedom. This revolutionary credo only two pages long, was disamenity did throughout France and the rest of Europe and around the world. The national assembly's declaration had little practical effect for the poor and hungry people of France. The economic crisis worsened after the fall of that the tile, as Astor Kratz fled the country and the luxury market collapsed. Foreign markets also strength, and unemployment among the urban working class is Grill. In addition, woman - the traditional managers of food and resources and poor homes Dash no longer look to the church, which of been stripped of its test for aid.

First and Second Continental Congress

The first Continental Congress was A direct result of the intolerable acts, this Congress consisted of colonial delegates who sought at first to peacefully resolve conflicts with Britain. The first Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. The more radical members of the Assembly argued successfully against concessions to the English crown. Despite many efforts the British Parliament rejected compromise and in April 1775 fighting between colonial in British troops began at Lexington and Concord. As the American revolution started and spread throughout the colonies the British government and its use of mercenaries did much to dissolve loyalties to home country and unite the separate colonies. English radical Thomas Paine published common sense that was a brilliant attack to the British this chapbook also mobilized public opinion in favor of independence. And his call for freedom and republican government, Thomas Paine expressed Americans growing sense of separateness of moral superiority. In 1776 on July 4 the second Continental Congress adopted did the declaration of independence written by Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton and others this document fully listed the tyrannical acts committed by the British and confidently proclaimed the natural rights of man tied of American states. The declaration of independence found in our country and in effect universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all man kind. It's stated that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. No other American political document has ever caused such excitement either at home or abroad.

National Assembly

The first French revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789to 1791. The national assembly was a response to the estates general, the government granted the third estate as many delegates as the clergy and the nobility combined with the nullified to reform a granting one vote per state instead of one vote per person. This meant that to privileges states could always about the third. And angry response in June 1789 delegates of the third estate refused to meet until the king ordered the clergy and ability to sit with them in the single body. On June 17 33rd estate, which of been joined by few parish priests, voted to call itself the national assembly. On June 20 excluded from the hall because of repairs the delegates move to a large indoor tennis court. Here at this abandon tennis court this war this famous tennis court oath, putting out to disband until they had been recognized as the national assembly and had written a new constitution. On June 20 delegate to the 30th date arrived at the meeting hall inverse Liles palace defined the doors closed and guarded. Searing the king without to dissolve the meeting by force the deputies read reassembled at a nearby tennis court and sore the solemn oath not to disperse and deliver recognize as National Assembly. Aren't you June 23 the king of England had made a speech urging reforms and 40s later he ordered the three estates to meet together. During this time it was also said that he filed advice of relatives in court noble to urge him to dissolve the assembly by force it. The king called an army of 18,000 troops with the capital to bring the delicates under control and on July 11 he dismisses finance minister and other more the liberal ministers.

The Great Fear

The great fear is the fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that sees the French countryside and lead to further revolt. Just as the laboring poor of Paris had decisively intervened in the revolution, the struggling French peasantry also took matters into their own hands. In the summer of 1789 throughout France doesn't begin to rise in insurrection against their lords, ransacking manor houses and burning futile documents that recorded their obligations. And some areas peasants reoccupied common lands enclosed by land owners in seized forest. Fear of martyrs and vagabonds hard by vengeful landlords called the great fear by contemporaries sees the rule for infant fan the flames of rebellion. The great fear that was started by the nobles was originally meant to stop the rebellion but it also actually made the rebellion grow stronger and spread farther and wider scale's presence for the brunt of state taxation church this and noble privileges after while they got tired of everything.

King Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette

The king of queens and France during the French their mission. Deezer the monarchs who have Americas win their independence from Great Britain. There was a fear that foreign and royalist armies would attack Paris and that the inmates of the city's prisons would be freed and join them. Radicals called for preemptive action, especially journalist Jean-Paul Marat, who called on draftees to kill the prisoners before they could be freed The action was undertaken by mobs of National Guardsmen and some fédérés; it was tolerated by the city government, the Paris Commune, which called on other cities to follow suit. By 6 September, half the prison population of Paris had been summarily executed: some 1200 to 1400 prisoners. Of these, 233 were nonjuring Catholic priests who refused to submit to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. However, the great majority of those killed were common criminals. The massacres were repeated in many other French cities. No one was prosecuted for the killings, but the political repercussions first injured the Girondists seemed too moderate. and later the Jacobins seemed too bloodthirsty.

Declaration of Pillnitz

The kings and nobles of continental Europe, but first welcome to revolution in France as a weakening and a competitor in power, now theater at impact. In June 1791 the royal family was arrested after a failed attempt to escape friends. Supporters of the revolution, they tend to fight with proof that the king was treacherously seeking for and support for an invasion of France. To be issued the declaration of pillnitz, proclaiming the windows to intervene in France to restore Louises X VI school if necessary. But the crowned heads of Europe missed judge the situation. The new French representative body, call the legislative assembly, the convention in October 1791 had new delegates a different character. I love the delegates were still Propert prosperous well educated middle-class men they were younger and less cautious and they're pretty assessors. Since the national assembly had declared sitting deputies in eligible for real action never that have previously served as National repersentives.

Federalists

The liberal program of the American Revolution consolidated by the federal Constitution and the Bill of Rights, and the creation of the national republic. Assembling in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 the delegates to Constant to Chino convention were determined to end the period of economic depression, social uncertainty and leadership under a week central government that had followed independence. The delegates then decided to grant the federal or central government important powers: regulation of domestic and foreign trade, the right to tax, and the means to enforce laws. This created a strong central government that would operas a framework of checks and balances under which authority was distributed across three different branches. This is the branches of government that we now know today, the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the dude judicial branches. A combination of all three would prevent one of these branches from gaining too much power that could ultimately reflect a monarchy. The power of the federal government wouldn't turn be checked by that of individual states. People who believed in the proposed Constitution and supported it were known as Federalists. Federalists were mostly white middle to upper class men who in one way or another helped frame our country as we know today. However there was many people who did not believe in the federalists are there papers they were known as the anti-federalist.

The Directory

The national convention about a new constitution to guarantee the economic position and political supremacy. As in previous elections, the massive population could vote only for electors who did run into her at elect the legislators but the new constitution greatly reduce number of men eligible to become electors but is dating a sept then chill property requirement. It also in Cary Tage a bicameral legislative system but the first time in the revolution, but the council of 500 to be a slower house then she did legislation and L to prevent someone from monopolizing the power the new assembly granted it's Jackie did power to five men body call the directory. The directory continue to support French military expansion abroad. Where is no longer so much as a crusade as a response to economic problems victorious French armies were just unemployment at home. However, the French people quickly grew where is the corruption and ineffectiveness that characterize directory. The trauma of years of military and political violence had it we need the public and the directories have you had an opportunist the policies that reverses this situation. Does general does satisfaction revealed itself clearly in the national election of 1797 which returned a large number of conservative an even monarchist deputies favorite piece at almost any price two years later Napoleon Bonaparte day and is a directory in a cup of the eight at substituted is start strong dictatorship for a week one. From his 15 year 1799 dating 14 France was in the hands of king minded military dictator of exceptional ability what is his reason is fatfascinating leaders the Polian Bonaparte day realize that he needs to put an end to civil strife in France or do you create unity and consolidate his role. And he did but Napoleon Psalms up as Amanda destiny, and the glory for the dream of universal empire approved irresistible. For years he thousand victory to victory but the end he was destroyed by mighty collation united in fear of his restless ambition

The Reign of Terror

The reign of terror was the paradigm 7093 7094 during which registers committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands of specter treason and new revolution a culture was imposed With all my people were put to work pretty soon arms Venetians, uniforms, boots, sandals, and other necessary supplies for the war effort. The government told craftsman what to produce, nationalize many small workshops, and we equidistant from materials and grain. These reforms amounted to an emergency form of so she was up, which really fighting g europe's property to classes in greatly influenced the subsequent development of socialist ideology. While radical economic measures furnish the plywood bread and are you supply the right of her enforce compliance with the Republican who is the practices. The constitution of 1793 which have a completed in June 1793 and approve a national restroom what indefinitely suspended in favor of revolutionary government. Record responsible only to grab his fears public Safety tried enemies of the nation for political crime. Some 40,000 friends and woman were executed or died in prison around 300,000 were arrested making officers reign of terror was the most controversial face of the revolution. Present as in the same measure to say the republic, the terror was a weapon directly against all suspect of a posting about Lucia government. As Rob Safir himself put it Tara is nothing more than prompt severe and flexible justice. For many Europeans of the time however the reign of terror representative frightening perversion of the idea of the 7089.

Tennis Court Oath

The tennis court oath is an oath pledge by the national assembly which was originally known as the third estate. On June 17 the third estate voted to call itself the national assembly and on June 20 excluded from there hall because of "repairs "the delegates move to a large indoor tennis court where they swore the famous tennis court oath pledging up to disband until Patton recognized as a national assembly and had written a new constitution. The tennis court oath is named the tennis court oath because after being locked out of the meeting area for the estates general the national assembly moved to a nearby indoor tennis court for their meeting.

bourgeoisie

The term bourgeois arose in medieval France, where it denoted an inhabitant of a walled town. Its overtones became important in the 18th century, when the middle class of professionals, manufacturers, and their literary and political allies began to demand an influence in politics consistent with their economic status. Marx was one of many thinkers who treated the French Revolution as a revolution of the bourgeois. In Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie plays a heroic role by revolutionizing industry and modernizing society. However, it also seeks to monopolize the benefits of this modernization by exploiting the propertyless proletariat and thereby creating revolutionary tensions. The end result, according to Marx, will be a final revolution in which the property of the bourgeoisie is expropriated and class conflict, exploitation, and the state are abolished. Even in Marx's lifetime, however, it was clear that the bourgeoisie was neither homogeneous nor particularly inclined to play the role that he had assigned to it. Indeed, in many countries the middle classes could not usefully be described as bourgeois.

Treaty of Paris

The treaty of Paris was a treaty that recognized the independence of American colonies. In 1783 Britain recognized the independence of the thirteen colonies and ceded all its territory between the Alleghenies mountains and the Mississippi River to the Americans. Out of the bottler rivalries of the Old world, the Americans snatched dominance over a vast territory. The Continental Congress secured the treaty which marked the end of the revolutionary war. The Continental Congress consisted of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin , John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens. The treaty ended the seven years war in Europe and the colonies , and ratified British victory on all fronts. After the treaty if Utrecht conflicts continued about the European powers over both domestic and colonial affairs. After the war of the Austrian succession ( which evolved from a seize territory to a world war). This war ended with no change in the territorial situation in North America. This helped the stet the stage for the Seven years war. In North America French and British settlers engaged in territorial skirmished that eventually resulted in an all out war. This wars battlefield went for India to to North America to Central Europe. Unresolved tensions also lingered in North America, particularly regarding the border between the France and British Colonies. Although during this time the French were greatly outnumbered they still achieved major victories until 1758. Both groups were actively seeking support for the Native American allies, this is why in the colonies in it was known as the French and a Indian war. After British diverted using there resources and naval power in Europe to another America the tide turned. In 1759 the British layer siege to Quebec for four long months and finally defeating the French in a battle that sealed the nations fate in North America.

To what extent did conflicts between the nobility and the bourgeoisie contribute to the outbreak of the French Revolution and determine the course of the revolution until 1793?

To hike stents to conflicts between the nobility in the birdies contribute to the outbreak of the French revolution determine the course the revolution till 1793. First we must talk about 1793 in the year of 1993 for us to close Warren Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Spain, results take place in some preferences. In March struggle between the ginger wrists and the mountain call in April the creation of the committee of Public Safety, in June the rest of Ginger as leaders, and September the price controls are instituted, and October The national convention bands woman from political society and the rest of the year and a little bit more ages of 1794 was the reign of terror.

Maximilien Robespierre

When Louis X VI except the national assembly's cost to Shane and September 1791, a young provincial lawyer and delicate named Maximillion Robespierre concluded that the revolution is he was right in the sense that the most constructive and lasting reforms were in place yet he was wrong it's suggesting that the turmoil have ended, for a much more radical stage lay head, one that would bring war with foreign powers, the declaration of terror at home and transformation in France government. Maximillion was also one of the leaders of the mountain group, part of the Jacobin club. The committee of Public Safety and him advance on several fronts in 1793 in 1794 seeking to impose republican unity across the nation. First they collaborated with the sans-culottes who continued pressing the common people's case for fair prices and immoral economic order. That is September 1793 Robespierre his coworkers established a planned economy with alliteration social overtones. Rather than let supply and demand terminal prices the government set maximum prices for key products. So the state was too weak to enforce all its price regulations, it did fix the price of bread in Paris I love the poor could afford. The people were all supposed to work producing arms monitions uniforms boots saddles and other necessary supplies for the war effort the governmental Crossman want to produce, nationalized many small workshops. These reforms amount to do an emergency form of socialism which through Lee frightens Europe's property classes in greatly influenced the subsequent development of the socialist ideology. While radical economic measures furnished the porch with bread an army who supplies the reign of terror which was the period from 1793 to 1794 during which wraps year's committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands of suspected of treason in a new revolutionary culture was imposed, enforce compliance with republican beliefs and practices. The constitution of 1793 which had become pleaded in June 1793 and approve my national referendum was indefinitely suspended in fair of a revolutionary government. As the man himself put it "Terror is nothing more than prompt severe inflexible justice quote for many Europeans of the time however the reign of terror represented a frightening privation in the ideas of 1789. The committees program was to bring about cultural revolution that would transform royal subjects into Republican city since the government sponsored revolutionary art in songs as well as new series of secular festivals to celebrate republican and patriotism. It also attempted to rationalize French daily life by adopting a decimal system for weights and measures in the new counter best on 10 day weeks. Another important element of the cultural revolution was the campaign of dechristianization which aim to limit catholic symbols and believes do you have the hostility rows and rows of France have her and Robespierre for help to decrease nice measures in the mid 1794. A group of radicals of moderate to the convention knowing that they might be next organize a conspiracy they how done the man what he try to speak to the national convention on July 27, 1794 a date known as nine Thermidor according to Francis new adopted Republican calendar the next day it was Robespierre's turn to be guillotined. His closest airport is follow the leader to the guillotine respectable middle-class lawyer superficial's friend let the Revolution of 1789 research at their authority. This became known as the period of Thermodorian reaction. This became The

émigrés

Émigré, any of the Frenchmen, at first mostly aristocrats, who fled France in the years following the French Revolution of 1789. From their places of exile in other countries, many émigrés plotted against the Revolutionary government, seeking foreign help in their goal of restoring the old regime. The Revolutionary leaders in France, fearful of their activity, took action against them: émigrés who did not return by January 1792 were liable to death as traitors; in the same year their property was confiscated by the state. Under the leadership of King Louis XVI's oldest brother, the family had many émigrés set up a court at Koblenz in the Rhineland of Germany. One of their number, Louis-Joseph, prince de Condé, commanded an army of émigrés that assisted foreign powers in the wars against France, but the exiles never posed a serious military threat. A defeat at Quiberon Bay in southern Brittany in July 1795, in an attempt to aid a peasant revolt, resulted in the execution of over 600 émigrés. A great number of émigrés also took refuge in England. Louis XVI's brother the comte d'Artois spent most of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic years in England. Arrived in England in 1800 after sojourns in Scandinavia and the United States. Émigrés were essentially a fancy word for immigrants during the French Revolution, people who want1ed to overthrow the revolutionary government. Wether it was because they wanted to restore France to what they considered it's " former glory" or wether it was to save their own lives or the lives of their family. Since by settling outside of France made them "traitors" to the revolution.