Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings

Which of the following would NOT be an aspect of the genetic susceptibility of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen? The dose of the teratogen The genotype of mother and fetus The sex of the fetus The abilities of the placental membrane and placental transport

The dose of the teratogen

Someone with which of the following chromosomes has Turner syndrome? XXY XYY XO XY

XO

The female egg is known as the: blastocyst. zygote. ovum. cell.

ovum.

Which of the following can cross the placental wall? Hormones Large molecules Maternal wastes Small molecules

Small molecules

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components? (Select all that apply) Social services Employment services Comprehensive educational services Nutritional services

Social services Comprehensive educational services Nutritional services

Which of the following can produce defects in offspring or cause damage during birth? Yeast infection Syphilis Rubella Genital herpes Influenza

Syphilis Rubella Genital herpes

What are the three basic types of drugs that are used for a typical labor with no complications? Corticosteroids Anesthesia Oxytocin/Pitocin Beta-blockers Antibiotics Analgesia

Anesthesia Oxytocin/Pitocin Analgesia

Which of the following is widely used to evaluate infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth? Ultrasound sonography Apgar Scale Chorionic villus sampling Fetal MRI

Apgar Scale

Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have: Turner syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome. Down syndrome. Fragile X syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome.

Which of the following is a childbirth strategy similar to natural childbirth that includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor? Lamaze Hypnosis Midwifery Perinatal

Lamaze

The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following? Medical history Mother's socioeconomic status Mother's age Genetic risk factors

Medical history Mother's age Genetic risk factors

The embryonic period occurs from _____ weeks to eight weeks after conception.

two

Human traits and characteristics that are genetically influenced have an evolutionary history that is solely inherited from our parents. uninfluenced by the environment. solely human. retained in our DNA.

retained in our DNA.

In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as: Multiple choice question. a critical period. bonding. affection. postpartum.

bonding

The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as _____. (one word)

bonding

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following? impaired motor development cognitive deficits a faster rate of growth through age 10 impaired language development

impaired motor development cognitive deficits impaired language development

The Lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is also known as: prepared childbirth. medicated childbirth. waterbirth. midwife birth.

prepared childbirth.

Which term best describes infants that are born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term? Multiple choice question. Low-weight Small for date Terminal Preterm

preterm

Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to: whooping cough. chicken pox. rubella. AIDS.

rubella

True or false: Infants born to women using synthetic opioids or opiate-related pain relievers are at risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal.

true

The fertilized egg is called the: embryo. zygote. fetus. blastocyst.

zygote.

How long does the postpartum period last? 12 weeks approximately 3 months about 6 weeks until the mother leaves the hospital

about 6 weeks

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs? (Select all that apply) Marijuana Alcohol Antibiotics Nicotine Caffeine Progestin

Marijuana Alcohol Nicotine Caffeine

In general, prenatal care involves which activities? (Choose every correct answer.) Making one appointment a week before birth Setting up a defined schedule of visits for medial care Screening for manageable conditions Testing for treatable diseases

Setting up a defined schedule of visits for medial care Screening for manageable conditions Testing for treatable diseases

The _____ period includes the creation of the fertilized egg or zygote, cell division, and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

germinal

The Apgar Scale evaluates all of the following, EXCEPT: heart rate. respiratory effort. size and weight. muscle tone.

size and weight.

Which unit of hereditary information is composed of short segments of DNA? Proteins Genes Chromosomes RNA

Genes

The units of hereditary information that are short segments of DNA are called: genes. proteins. cells. genomes.

genes.

According to the U.S. surgeon general: a small amount of alcohol will not harm the baby. no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy. pregnant women can consume up to two glasses of wine a day.

no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.

The use of opiate-related pain relievers or synthetic opioids during pregnancy is allowable only during childbirth. not recommended. recommended for pain relief only. fine under doctor supervision.

not recommended.

Which of these prescription drugs are most likely to function as teratogens? (Choose every correct answer.) Acne medications Prenatal vitamins Some antidepressants Antibiotics Synthetic estrogen

Acne medications Some antidepressants Antibiotics Synthetic estrogen

True or false: Most research of newborns shows that they must have close contact with the mother in the first few days of life to develop emotions.

false

Which of the following statements are true of a doula? (Select all that apply) A doula is a caregiver. A doula provides continuous support for a the mother before, during, and after childbirth. A doula, in contrast with a midwife, is usually a man.

A doula provides continuous support for a the mother before, during, and after childbirth.

Which factors are considered teratogens? (Choose every correct answer.) Advanced paternal age Infectious disease drugs Maternal stress Nutritional deficiencies Sun exposure

Advanced paternal age Infectious disease drugs Maternal stress Nutritional deficiencies

According to a large-scale study, pregnant women's caffeine intake was linked to which of the following in their offspring? Cleft palate Increased behavioral problems Lower birth weight Decreased IQ

Lower birth weight

How are characteristics that suit a species for survival transmitted from one generation to the next? The way in which the environment influences a gene pool The genetic code inherited from our parents The phenotype of both parents' and offspring's genetic material The passage of susceptibility genes from parents to offspring

The genetic code inherited from our parents

Which of the following are cases for which early close contact between mother and infant in the hospital may be of particular benefit? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. The infant is preterm. The mother is from disadvantaged circumstances. The mother is a teenager. Rooming-in is not a possibility.

The infant is preterm. The mother is from disadvantaged circumstances. The mother is a teenager.

The two new cells created by mitosis: form eggs and sperm. contain the same DNA as the original cell. create a zygote. do not have the same chromosomes as the original cell.

contain the same DNA as the original cell.

In a gene pair, the _____ (one word) gene will always override the potential influence of the other gene of a pair.

dominant

A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a: midwife. OBGYN. doula. physician.

doula

According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that: make a population physically strong. are not aggressive in nature. increase reproductive success. maintain peace among people.

increase reproductive success.

During _____ , the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides. During _____ , a specialized form of cell division occurs to form egg and sperm cells.

mitosis; meisosis

The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is: antidepressants. hallucinogens. prescription drugs. psychoactive drugs.

psychoactive drugs.

Newborn Amanda gets a total combined score of 2 on the Apgar Scale. This signals: she is in a state of emergency, and she may not survive. her condition is good, and she does not require emergency help. her condition is borderline, and she may need some medical assistance.

she is in a state of emergency, and she may not survive.

It becomes possible for the fetus to survive outside the womb as early as the ______ month of pregnancy. fifth seventh sixth fourth

sixth

When babies are either full term or preterm and their birth weight is below normal for their age, they are called ______ infants. handicapped developmentally challenged overdeveloped small for date

small for date

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) _______ to the unborn fetus. (Watch your spelling!)

teratogen or teratogens

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n): organism. radiant. teratogen. infection.

teratogen.

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following EXCEPT the Apgar Scale. amniocentesis. fetal MRI. ultrasound sonography.

the Apgar Scale.

The face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin are distinguishable _____ months after conception.

three or 3

The outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the: trophoblast. endoderm. dermocyst. blastocyst.

trophoblast.

True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus.

true

True or false: During the first stage of the birth process, which is the longest of the three stages, the uterine contractions will cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open to about 10 centimeters.

true

True or false: Virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta.

true

Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first ______ months of prenatal development. two three four five

two

Fatty tissues develop, various organ systems function more regularly, and the fetus grows longer and gains about four pounds during the last ______ of pregnancy. month two months two weeks three months

two months

Nutrition and oxygen flow from the placenta to the fetus through the ______ cord. fetal placental embryonic umbilical

umbilical

Which statement regarding genotype-environment correlations is true? -Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the child is raised away from the biological parents. -Environment has nothing to do with genotype. -Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child. -Active genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.

-Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.

Fragile X syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which: -there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks. -males have an extra Y chromosome. -males have an extra X chromosome. -an X chromosome is missing or deleted.

-there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.

Prenatal development lasts approximately _____ days, beginning with fertilization and ending with birth.

266

Which of the following happen during mitosis? (Select all that apply) A zygote is formed. A cell's nucleus duplicates itself. An egg and a sperm fuse together. Two new cells are formed. Eggs and sperm are formed.

A cell's nucleus duplicates itself. Two new cells are formed.

Which activities take place during the germinal period of prenatal development? (Choose every correct answer.) Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall Organ formation Cell division Formation of an embryo's three layers Creation of the fertilized egg

Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall. Cell division. Creation of the fertilized egg.

______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of both. Scientific geneticists Behavior geneticists Biological geneticists Environmental geneticists

Behavior geneticists

Which of the following is a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21? Turner syndrome Fragile X syndrome Down syndrome Klinefelter syndrome

Down syndrome

Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have: Klinefelter syndrome. Down syndrome. Turner syndrome. Fragile X syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome.

_________ selection is the evolutionary process by which individuals of a species best adapted to their environment are the ones that survive and reproduce.

Natural

True or false: The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments.

True

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as Turner syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome. Fragile X syndrome. Down syndrome.

Turner syndrome.

Which of the following is NOT a dominant characteristic? blond hair brown hair farsightedness dimples

blond hair

Fertilization typically takes place in the: fallopian tube. uterine wall. lining of the uterus. womb.

fallopian tube.

A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as alcohol polyneuropathy. fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. alcohol use disorders. embryonic alcoholic myopathy.

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as: fertilization. cell division. burrowing. implantation.

implantation.

XYY syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which the: male has an extra Y chromosome. female has a Y chromosome. male has an extra X chromosome. female has an extra X chromosome.

male has an extra Y chromosome.

A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is: red blood cell impairment. extreme height. mental deficiency. infertility.

mental deficiency.

A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is: red blood cell impairment. infertility. extreme height. mental deficiency.

mental deficiency.

Bobby's dad is a banker and loves numbers, and Bobby and his dad enjoy solving arithmetic problems. According to ______, Bobby will probably grow up to be skilled in arithmetic. evocative genotype-environment correlations niche-picking genotype-environment correlations active genotype-environment correlations passive genotype-environment correlations

passive genotype-environment correlations

The ______ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join. placenta womb uterus amnion

placenta

True or false: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.

False

______ promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat. Selective strength Genotypic growth Reproductive strength Adaptive behavior

Adaptive behavior

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors? Social psychology Evolutionary psychology Cognitive psychology Adaption psychology

Evolutionary psychology

Which of the following would NOT be an aspect of the genetic susceptibility of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen? The sex of the fetus The genotype of mother and fetus The abilities of the placental membrane and placental transport The dose of the teratogen

The dose of the teratogen

Each of the following is more likely to be lower in children born to mothers who used marijuana during their pregnancy, EXCEPT: intelligence. attention. impulse control. blood pressure.

blood pressure.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Down syndrome? A round face and a flattened skull An extra Y chromosome An extra copy of chromosome 21 Intellectual and motor disabilities

An extra Y chromosome

True or false: E-cigarettes are less harmful to a developing fetus and are therefore a good option for pregnant women.

False

True or false: Those with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggression and violence.

False

The prenatal stage that begins about two months after conception is the _____ period.

Fetal

The birth process occurs in three stages: the first is the longest, during which the contractions intensify; the second begins when the baby's head starts to move through the birth canal; and during the third stage the _____ (the term that describes the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes) is expelled.

afterbirth

All of the following are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome EXCEPT: an extra Y chromosome. tallness. enlarged breasts. undeveloped testes.

an extra Y chromosome.

Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are all forms of ______ and are used to relieve pain during labor. anesthesia analgesia oxytocin midwifery

analgesia

Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development? Behavior genetics Environment genetics Biological genetics Culture genetics

behavior genetics

According to Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development? Bidirectional Independent Constant One-way

bidirectional

All of the following are generally lower in individuals with FASD, EXCEPT: executive functioning. life expectancy. IQ. blood pressure.

blood pressure.

According to developmental psychologist David Moore, genetic factors -predictably intertwine with environmental conditions to help understand human behavior. -do not determine phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop. -are the main factors in the development of behavior. -and environmental factors independently influence human development.

do not determine phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop.

Twyla is a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for mother-to-be Aysha. Twyla will provide help before, during, and after Aysha's delivery, though she is not qualified to perform or assist with medical procedures in the case of emergency. Twyla is most likely what type of caregiver? An OBGYN A midwife A surgeon doula

doula

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy. smoked cigarettes drank alcohol consumed too much coffee took prescription drugs

drank alcohol

Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells is known as a(n): cell. embryo. zygote. endoderm.

embryo.

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment. nonshared environment evocative experiential epigenetic heredity-environment correlation

epigenetic

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment. nonshared environment heredity-environment correlation evocative experiential epigenetic

epigenetic

Which of the following is the prenatal period that lasts about seven months? embryonic zygotic fetal germinal

fetal

Approximately how many months after conception is the fetus about three inches long, actively moving its arms and legs and head, and exhibiting a distinguishable face, forehead, eyelid, nose, and chin? (At this stage, however, the mother cannot yet feel the arms and legs moving.) one three four five

three

The birth process occurs in ______ stages. three two four five

three

During which period the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear? Fetal Germinal Embryonic Mesodermic

Embryonic

Prenatal development is divided into which three periods? Embryonic Preconception Germinal Fetal

Embryonic Germinal Fetal

Which of the following is NOT one of the three related conditions that pose threats to many newborns? High birth weight Being small for date Preterm Low birth weight

High birth weight

Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus? (Select all that apply) Low birth weight Cardiovascular problems Facial deformities Respiratory problems

Low birth weight Cardiovascular problems Respiratory problems

Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Lower intelligence Heart defects No negative outcomes Low birth weight

Lower intelligence Low birth weight

Mitosis- Meiosis- Fertilization-

Mitosis- A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides. Meiosis- A specialized form of cell division forms eggs and sperm only. Fertilization matches Choice, An egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell. An egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

According to which perspective does adaptive behavior promote an organism's survival in the natural habitat? Niche-picking Epigenetic Natural selection Heredity-environment correlation

Natural Selection

Which evolutionary process determines that individuals of a species best adapted to the environment survive and reproduce? Natural behavior Natural selection Adaptive behavior Adaptive selection

Natural selection

______ genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child. Multiple choice question. Active Evocative Niche-picking Passive

Passive

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following? genetic susceptibility time of exposure solar exposure the dosage

genetic susceptibility time of exposure the dosage

The three stages of birth are not of equal length; the first stage is ______ than the others. longer shorter sometimes shorter, sometimes longer

longer

The ______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks). Multiple choice question. afterbirth perinatal postpartum placental

postpartum

In a gene pair, the ______ gene does NOT always exert its influence. recessive phenotypic dominant inherited

recessive

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with: no change in birth weight, length, and head circumference. reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference. increased birth weight, length, and head circumference.

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference.