Chapter 2: Classical School of Management

Why did the administrative management theorists find the scientific school of management deficient? A. Scientific methods were too narrowly focused on worker productivity and lacked generalized managing principles. B. They felt that scientific ideas pushed too much authority down to workers. C. They felt the scientific methods resulted in inefficiency and poor productivity. D. Scientific managers were too authoritarian and lacked concern for worker morale.

A. Scientific methods were too narrowly focused on worker productivity and lacked generalized managing principles.

Tom is one of the highest ranked managers at an information technology company. He is allowing a project to continue because it was his idea to launch that line of products, although he now sees that the company could lose a lot of money if it moves forward. Tom doesn't want to admit that he was wrong because he fears for his job. Which principle of management does this concern? A. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest B. Unity of Direction C. Authority D. Remuneration

A. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest

According to Max Weber, how should employees be aligned with organizational tasks in a non-personal organization? A. Through division of labor and work specialization B. Through a rigid and clearly defined chain of command C. Through loyalty and obedience to the bosses' commands D. Through a set of standard operating procedures

A. Through division of labor and work specialization

According to Max Weber, how should consistency and accountability be maintained in a bureaucratic structure? A. Through formal written records B. Through training materials C. Through a record of wrongdoings D. Through auditing materials

A. Through formal written records

How would an automobile assembly line use Taylor's four principles to increase productivity and efficiency? A. Use a precise, specific approach for completing tasks rather than general guidelines. B. Pay each worker the same amount of money. C. Let each worker choose his own tools to complete assigned tasks. D. Choose workers based on their ability to perform a wide number of jobs. E. Let work teams plan the work in their assigned area.

A. Use a precise, specific approach for completing tasks rather than general guidelines.

XYZ Corporation follows the administrative school of management; managers are taught that one of their important roles is A. coordinating. B. disciplining. C. manipulating. D. getting along.

A. coordinating.

A cell phone maker would like to apply the principles of Scientific Management to its assembly division. The first thing they should do is to _____ A. determine the best possible way to assemble phones. B. determine how much assemblers should be paid. C. appoint the manager for the department. D. survey customers.

A. determine the best possible way to assemble phones.

When there is positive collaboration between employees who are socially attracted to one another, who have shared goals and a unique identity that set them apart from others, it is called _____. A. group interaction B. participative management C. people orientation D. a group network

A. group interaction

According to the four principles of scientific management, communication with employees is important to determine _____ A. if the most productive and efficient methods are being used. B. if the workers are happy with their jobs. C. if the management controls are sufficient. D. if the workers are happy with the work teams they are assigned to.

A. if the most productive and efficient methods are being used.

Mary Parker Follett's concept of management and the idea of employees working together to make decisions is known today as _____ leadership. A. participative B. situational C. democratic D. bureaucratic

A. participative

According to the principles of Scientific Management, workers should be trained to _____ A. perform one individualized task. B. handcraft the entire product individually. C. work as effective team members. D. do as many tasks as possible.

A. perform one individualized task.

Formal organizations are _____. A. structured by hierarchy, rules, and policies B. are social in nature C. smaller groups of workers with shared interest D. are personal in nature E. unstructured

A. structured by hierarchy, rules, and policies

Administrative management was concerned with all of the following EXCEPT: A. functional responsibilities of management. B. clarification of business terms and concepts relating to management. C. using qualitative techniques such as statistics to improve decision making. D. organizational principles.

C. using qualitative techniques such as statistics to improve decision making.

The Classical Management approach is most concerned with _____ A. management structure. B. efficient use of machines. C. worker productivity and efficiency. D. implementing new technology. E. defining the chain of command.

C. worker productivity and efficiency.

How would a classical manager begin to implement Classical Management Theory? A. By breaking down the production process into specific steps or stages B. By arranging factory machinery in the most efficient way C. By asking employees which jobs they would like to perform D. By adding new employee benefits E. By scheduling mandatory employee training sessions

A. By breaking down the production process into specific steps or stages

How would a pizza restaurant illustrate group network management? A. Cooks, cashiers, and delivery people all contribute to the goal of satisfying each customer. B. Cooks and delivery people are not responsible for satisfying customers. C. Only customer contact people like cashiers are responsible for the goal of satisfying customers. D. The store manager makes all decisions involving customer satisfaction.

A. Cooks, cashiers, and delivery people all contribute to the goal of satisfying each customer.

A CEO of a small company has implemented a strategy where all employees do their work together, without doing specific assignments all the time. He hopes that it will decrease the level of paperwork necessary and improve employee relations. Which one of Fayol's principles did he violate? A. Division of Labor B. Unity of Command C. Subordination of Individual Interests D. Unity of Direction

A. Division of Labor

Who listed below was a scientific management theorist? A. Frederick Taylor B. Henry Fayol C. Henry Ford D. Chester Barnard

A. Frederick Taylor

Which of these would be an example of the owner of James Small Engine Repair implementing the principle of equity? A. Giving everyone a paid day off for meeting the year's profit target. B. Letting female employees take one month of leave after the birth of a child. C. Counseling an employee who is having problems at home. D. Writing up an employee who is habitually tardy. E. Giving employees the freedom to decide how to do their jobs.

A. Giving everyone a paid day off for meeting the year's profit target.

Why did Max Weber believe that informal organizations and family businesses would be potentially unsuccessful? A. In informal organizations power is misplaced. B. In informal organizations the structure is too rigid. C. Informal organizations rely heavily on bureaucracy. D. All the answers are correct.

A. In informal organizations power is misplaced.

How could a manager at XYZ Corporation explain the scalar chain to her employees? A. By explaining the division of work in the department. B. By showing a chart that lists the various company departments. C. By showing a map with all of the company's locations marked. D. By using the aid of an organization chart. E. By reviewing next year's budget.

D. By using the aid of an organization chart.

Susan has just been hired for a competitive job in a corporation because she is a close friend of the CEO. In this example, the employer has failed to follow which of Weber's principles? A. Personality based recruitment B. A well-defined formal hierarchy C. Division of labor and work specialization D. Competence as the basis for job appointment

D. Competence as the basis for job appointment

Who is responsible for creating the Task and Bonus System? A. Fredrick Taylor B. Douglas McGregor C. Henry Ford D. Henry Gantt E. Victor Vroom

D. Henry Gantt

What is the end result of applying Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's motion studies? A. Increased worker to worker relations B. Increased worker satisfaction C. Increased worker to manager relations D. Increased worker efficiency and productivity

D. Increased worker efficiency and productivity

Administrative school of management founded on the six functions, or roles, of management: 1. Forecasting 2. Planning 3. Organizing 4. Commanding 5. Coordinating 6. Controlling

STUDY CARD

Gantt Charts & Bar Graphs: Henry Gantt's Contributions to Management Gantt chart - A project schedule, showing terminal and summary elements from start to finish and the amount of time it takes to complete each task. - Summary element is made up of terminal elements eg paint the car - Terminal elements are the smaller more intricate tasks that need to be completed as part of a larger task. eg prime, coat, buff, shine the car Task and Bonus system created by Gantt - An incentive program aimed at increasing an employee's productivity, - An employee receives an hourly rate. - An employee receives a bonus above and beyond their set hourly rate once the employee's proficiency hit certain performance goals.

STUDY CARD

Max Weber's Theory of Impersonal Management - developed late 1800s - formalized, rigid structure of organization known as a bureaucracy Characteristics - A well-defined formal hierarchy and chain of command - Management by rules and regulations - Division of labor and work specialization - Managers should maintain an impersonal relationship with employees - Competence, not personality, is the basis for job appointment. - Formal written records are used to document all rules, regulations, procedures, decisions and actions taken by the organization and its members to preserve consistency and accountability.

STUDY CARD

Scientific School of Management - developed by Frederick Taylor, Henry Gantt, and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth - example: Henry Ford with his development of the assembly line used to produce his Model T. Four principles of scientific management: 1. Management should provide workers with a precise, scientific approach for how to complete individualized tasks. 2. Management should carefully choose and train each employee on one specific task. 3. Management should communicate with employees to ensure the method used to complete the task is, in fact, the most productive and efficient. 4. Management should create the appropriate division of labor.

STUDY CARD

How would Amy implement people oriented management in her beauty salon? A. By letting her employees determine their pay levels B. By setting the weekly schedule jointly with her staff C. By dictating the weekly schedule to the people she employs D. By letting her employees decide when they will work

B. By setting the weekly schedule jointly with her staff

Why did a new school of management theory need to be developed at the time of the industrial revolution? A. To increase the power of supervisors over factory workers B. Factories were becoming more common and managers began searching for the single best way to do things C. Functional management structures needed to be implemented D. New ways needed to be found to use machinery to improve production efficiency E. New ideas were needed to facilitate the change from agricultural to industrial societies

B. Factories were becoming more common and managers began searching for the single best way to do things

How did his work as a bricklayer inspire Frank Gilbreth's standardization and method studies? A. He realized the importance of chain production over individual work. B. He studied the basic movements needed to lay brick effectively. C. He used psychology to analyze how unsatisfied bricklayers were less productive. D. He identified the basic needs of his fellow bricklayers and studied the ways to meet those needs.

B. He studied the basic movements needed to lay brick effectively.

How does the view of Henri Fayol on management and productivity differ from that of Frederick Winslow Taylor? A. Fayol believed in an approach that only focuses on productivity, while Taylor believed in a scientific approach. B. Taylor believed in a scientific approach while Fayol believed in an administrative approach focusing on management. C. Fayol believed in a more traditional approach, while Taylor thought of management as a series of processes. D. Fayol believed in an approach that mostly focuses on forecasting and planning, while Taylor only viewed the final productivity of the company and did not take notice of the process.

B. Taylor believed in a scientific approach while Fayol believed in an administrative approach focusing on management.

According to Max Weber, how would an informal channel of communication affect an organization? A. The organization would be more authoritative. B. The organization's potential success would be hindered. C. The organization would be more productive. D. The organization's structure would become more rigid.

B. The organization's potential success would be hindered.

Why would a manager at XYZ Corporation be concerned about the stability of her personnel? A. It's only a concern if XYZ is a centralized company. B. Turnover disrupts the work and interferes with specialization. C. It will affect the scalar chain. D. New employees are hard to find. E. Employees who quit must be given severance packages.

B. Turnover disrupts the work and interferes with specialization.

How does Frederick Taylor's principles of scientific management approach the recruitment and training of workers? A. Workers should be recruited and trained to do as many jobs as possible. B. Workers should be recruited and trained according to the specific job they will hold. C. Only workers with the potential to move up to management should be recruited and trained. D. Workers should select the jobs they wish to do and be trained for them. E. Worker training is unnecessary since each worker decides how to do assigned tasks.

B. Workers should be recruited and trained according to the specific job they will hold.

Alex is a manager for a restaurant chain that practices administrative management. He focuses his job on: A. reducing the number of employees and hours they work. B. principles like maximizing customer satisfaction that can be applied to the whole business. C. finding the most efficient way to prepare the food. D. training his workers to do their jobs the best way possible.

B. principles like maximizing customer satisfaction that can be applied to the whole business.

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth helped make contributions to the principles of A. qualitative management. B. scientific management C. project management. D. administrative management.

B. scientific management

According to the acceptance theory, managers have authority when _____ they give employees the authority to do their jobs as they see fit. A. employees never take sick days. B. they can legitimately give orders and have a legitimate expectation that the orders will be carried out. C. employees follow every order without complaint. D. informal groups arise to aid in compliance with managements' wishes.

B. they can legitimately give orders and have a legitimate expectation that the orders will be carried out.

How would a Classical Manager assign employees to specific jobs? A. Assign the employee who will accept the least pay to do the specific job B. By giving the best jobs to the most senior employees C. Assign employees to jobs based on who can best perform the required tasks D. By assigning jobs based on employee educational attainment E. By letting the Human Resources Dept make the decisions

C. Assign employees to jobs based on who can best perform the required tasks

Which of these is NOT a result of successful group interaction? A. Mutually beneficial relationships B. Better decision making C. Better management control D. Participation in organizational achievements

C. Better management control

How does classical scientific management theory improve production efficiency? A. By using specialized work locations and workforce skills B. By creating specialized work divisions and using classical management C. By creating specialized work processes and workforce skills D. By using specialized work locations and classical management

C. By creating specialized work processes and workforce skills

Which of the following is NOT one of Fayol's first seven Principles of Management? A. Discipline B. Authority C. Forecasting D. Remuneration

C. Forecasting

Why was Frederick Taylor dissatisfied with systematic management processes? A. He believed systematic processes resulted in workers being overpaid. B. He felt systematic processes were too narrowly focused. C. He felt systematic processes led to a great deal of inefficiency in work processes leading to low productivity. D. He felt systematic processes gave workers too many rights. E. He felt that systematic processes resulted in too much time being spent training workers.

C. He felt systematic processes led to a great deal of inefficiency in work processes leading to low productivity.

Who was NOT a major contributor to the administrative school of management? A. Mary Parker Follett B. Henri Fayol C. Henry Gantt D. Chester Barnard

C. Henry Gantt

How can the Gantt chart be beneficial to an organization? A. It is a great visual to add to the company website and marketing materials. B. It adds to the administrative overhead, requiring more managers. C. It makes it easy for others to understand the individual work tasks and their due dates within a greater project deadline. D. It creates contingency plans for when the project is completed late. E. This quantitative system adds up the hours that each person spends on a particular project.

C. It makes it easy for others to understand the individual work tasks and their due dates within a greater project deadline.

How should work be planned according to Fredrick Taylor's principles of scientific management? A. Each employee is responsible for planning his own work. B. The business owner should plan each job. C. Managers are responsible for planning the work. D. Managers and employees should jointly plan the work. E. The work should be planned by the team assigned to the task.

C. Managers are responsible for planning the work.

Why did Henri Fayol develop the 14 Principles of Management? A. To provide general guidelines for workers to manage themselves. B. To provide guidelines for staff and managers to work in coal mines. C. To provide managers with the right tools to manage workers in an effective way. D. To provide guidelines for departmental organization and management of managers. E. To provide general guidelines for mass production of products.

C. To provide managers with the right tools to manage workers in an effective way.

Which of the following is NOT one of Taylor's four principles of scientific management? A. Managers should provide the appropriate division of labor and responsibility between managers and workers. B. There should be a level of cooperation between staff and management to be sure that jobs match plans and principles of the developed methods. C. Management should get rid of general guidelines for how to complete a task; instead, they should be replaced with a precise, scientific approach for each task of a worker's job. D. Managers should pay employees based on effort and level of productivity.

D. Managers should pay employees based on effort and level of productivity.

According to the Task and Bonus System, an employee _____. A. Should be paid only in individual payments for each task completed, with a bonus at the end of the year B. Should not be paid an hourly salary until they are proficient in their job C. Should hold two jobs at once in order to earn enough money D. Should be paid an hourly salary, with additional bonuses for meeting goals E. Must be formally trained before they get paid

D. Should be paid an hourly salary, with additional bonuses for meeting goals

In a Gantt chart, which of the following include smaller, more intricate tasks that need to be completed as part of a larger task? A Strategic elements B. Total elements C. Series elements D. Terminal elements E. Summary elements

D. Terminal elements

Which answer best describes the principle of order? A. There must be a clear definition of who gives the orders in a work area. B. Managers are responsible for cleaning the workplace for employees. C. Filling customer orders must always be given the highest priority. D. The workplace facilities must be clean, tidy, and safe for employees. E. Workplace cleanliness, tidiness, and safety are important to customers.

D. The workplace facilities must be clean, tidy, and safe for employees.

How did the Gilbreths combine their knowledge in psychology with management? A. They studied how workers' personalities interfered in the way they performed their tasks. B. They identified and isolated workers' emotional weaknesses. C. They analyzed workers' reactions to pressure and stress. D. They looked into the relationship between worker satisfaction and productivity.

D. They looked into the relationship between worker satisfaction and productivity.

As Jane goes about her duties as an administrative style supervisor at XYZ Corporation, she thinks of herself as _____ A. an order giver B. a team member C. a delegator D. a professional

D. a professional

The aim of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's motion studies were to A. discover the weaknesses of the employees and find ways to increase their productivity. B. provide information for reorganizing workers. C. examine the movements of workers as they moved a product down the production line. D. study the movements of workers that would maximize their efforts.

D. study the movements of workers that would maximize their efforts.

Why do many organizations still use Classical Management Theories ? A. We are still in an age where most people do factory rather than office work B. It has never been replaced as the best management theory C. It set the framework for management organization that hasn't changed since D. Because it stressed the proper use of machinery in production E. Finding the best possible way for workers to perform their tasks is still a sound concept

E. Finding the best possible way for workers to perform their tasks is still a sound concept

What is the best reward an informal group can offer a new member? A. Members have the chance to get to know management. B. More time off and sick days. C. Members will get more frequent pay raises. D. It is required to be on track for promotions and management opportunities. E. It provides the social status not offered by the formal organization.

E. It provides the social status not offered by the formal organization.

Marge, a manager, makes it a point to join in with the informal group's lunchtime conversation at least once per week. She lets them know they are valued and doing important work. Why is it important that Marge do this ? A. She can make sure the informal group members don't take too long for lunch break. B. It will weaken the formal organization and assert the strength of the informal one. C. It will get the informal group to work harder. D. It will strengthen the authority of the chief executive. E. It will help get the informal group to accept her formal authority.

E. It will help get the informal group to accept her formal authority.

Which of the following are made up of terminal elements in a Gantt chart? A .Series elements B. Total elements C. Cumulative elements D. Strategic elements E. Summary elements

E. Summary elements

Effective organizations, according to Barnard, are those that _____. A. have no concern for employees B. have no authority over employees C. satisfy employee needs D. have ultimate authority over employees E. accomplish their goals quickly

E. accomplish their goals quickly

Fayol = motivating workers by treating them like individuals Henri Fayol's 14 Principles of Management: 1-7 = managing departmental tasks 1. Division of Work: When employees are specialized, output can increase because they become increasingly skilled and efficient. 2. Authority: Managers must have the authority to give orders, but they must also keep in mind that with authority comes responsibility. 3. Discipline: Discipline must be upheld in organizations, but methods for doing so can vary. 4. Unity of Command: Employees should have only one direct supervisor. 5. Unity of Direction: Teams with the same objective should be working under the direction of one manager and using one plan. 6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest: The interests of one employee should not be allowed to become more important than those of the group. 7. Remuneration: Employee satisfaction depends on fair remuneration for everyone.

Henri Fayol's 14 Principles of Management: continued; 8-14 = decision making process 8. Centralization: how close employees are to the decision-making process 9. Scalar Chain: a direct chain of command, ranking staff from the highest to the lowest level 10. Order: The workplace facilities must be clean, tidy and safe for employees. Everything should be in its place. 11. Equity: Managers should be fair to staff at all times, both maintaining discipline when necessary and acting with kindness where appropriate. 12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel: Managers should strive to minimize employee turnover. Personnel planning should be a priority. 13. Initiative: Employees should be given the necessary level of freedom to create and carry out plans. 14. Esprit de Corps: Organizations should strive to promote team spirit and unity.