Chapter 2 - History

In what city did Hernán Cortés land before marching inland to Tenochtitlán?

Veracruz

By the late fifteenth century, the focal point of European sugar production shifted to the Azores and other islands in the eastern ______ that were noted for their rich, volcanic soil.

Atlantic ocean

The ______ and the growth of the Ottoman Empire reduced Portuguese access to traditional sources of enslaved labor for their sugar plantations.

Black Death

Why did Columbus name the Taino people he encountered "Indians"?

He thought he'd reached the Indies.

The Protestant Reformation resulted in much of Germany and Scandinavia becoming

Lutheran

Which of the following factors made China a powerful presence in the early modern world?

the demand for Chinese goods

In addition to exploring Peru, Hernán de Soto led an expedition through what is now

the southeastern United States.

What was the first continent to experience Europe's expansionist activities?

Africa

Which of the following best describes the area where Columbus did most of his exploration?

Caribbean Sea

What was the wealthiest and most advanced country in the world in the mid-fifteenth century?

China

The term historians use to describe the reciprocal transfer of plants, animals, and humans between the Old and New Worlds is the "

Columbian exchange

One of Martin Luther's most revolutionary doctrines was "justification by ______ alone," or the belief that salvation was available simply through God's grace.

Faith

True or false: Although the Protestant Reformation created great upheavals in Europe, it had little effect in the New World.

False

True or false: By the time the Spanish conquistadors arrived, the Aztecs had firm control over all of the city-states in central Mexico.

False

True or false: Following the conquest of the New World, people from Spain immigrated in large numbers.

False

e nation where some of the worst violence associated with the religious wars of the sixteenth century took place was_______here the persecution of the Huguenots occurred.

France

Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to support the voyage of Columbus after they completed the reconquista, which was achieved when they took the kingdom of

Granada

When James I came to power, how did he treat Elizabeth's favorite, Raleigh?

He arrested and eventually executed him.

Which explorer reached the Mississippi and traveled through much of the present-day South?

Hernán de Soto

Which statement about the bubonic plague of the fourteenth century is true?

It led to violence against marginal groups.

What was the crusaders' biggest obstacle to profitable sugar production in the Holy Land?

Its production was labor extensive

Which of the following best summarizes Calvin's and Luther's views on the role of Christians in society?

Luther believed that Christians should accept the existing social order, whereas Calvin taught that they should reshape society.

Unlike the benevolent and merciful God of the reformer_____ the God of the theologian John Calvin was omnipotent and controlling

Martin Luther

Which of the following statements about Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are true?

Most of Europe's people made their living from the land. Europe had high levels of infant mortality due to undernourishment and disease.

Which of the following statements about early modern Europe are correct?

Nobles and aristocrats enjoyed incomes hundreds of times larger than those of commoners. The authority of local lords over their lands was nearly absolute. For most people life was brutal, dangerous, and short.

Who was the first explorer to lead an official expedition to the North American mainland?

Ponce de León

Prince Henry the Navigator of ______ was the driving force of his kingdom's overseas ventures in the fifteenth century.

Portugal

During most of the sixteenth century, why didn't other European countries compete with Spain to lay claim to the New World?

Religious changes in Europe occupied European attentions and distracted them from focusing on exploration of the New World.

Which statement about the overall history of slavery is most accurate?

Slavery has existed throughout human history and has taken various forms.

Which era marked the shift from slave to serf labor in Europe?

The middle ages

What motivated explorers like Pánfilo de Narváez and Hernán de Soto to explore North America?

They hoped to conquer a northern Indian empire with riches like the Aztecs and Incas.

Which of the following characteristics did the Aztec and Spanish civilizations share?

a largely rural and agricultural population

Henry VIII of England's great, worldly goal was

a male heir.

What precedent did early English conquests in Europe set?

a willingness to treat native inhabitants with cruelty

One of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to intimidate and eventually defeat the Aztecs was

advanced metal weaponry.

The expedition of Hernán de Soto was notable for its

brutal treatment of native peoples.

The Spanish empire in the New World was governed primarily by

bureaucrats.

On his second voyage, Columbus was less concerned with trade and more interested in

colonizing the islands.

One of the consequences of Hernán de Soto's venture into North America was the

decentralization of native chiefdoms.

By the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish Empire had

defeated the great civilizations of the Americas.

The army with which Cortés entered Tenochtitlán had been significantly increased by

disgruntled native warriors.

Which of the following did Europeans introduce to the New World?

dogs horses bananas

The crusaders relied, in part, on ______ to make their sugar plantations in the Holy Land profitable.

enslaved laborers

James I's goal as monarch was to

establish an efficient bureaucracy in orderly colonies.

One of Martin Luther's more radical beliefs at the time was that

everyone should read and interpret the Bible for himself or herself.

The 1578 charter granted to Humphrey Gilbert gave him permission to explore America but

failed to recognize Native American claims to the land.

Unlike the first Roanoke expedition, the second one

included more settlers and better incentives to undertake the journey.

During the thirteenth century one of the ways that the Catholic Church expanded its influence and wealth was through the sale of ___ which promised to shorten the time spent in purgatory after death.

indulgences

Which was not a notable means by which the medieval and early modern Catholic Church enriched itself?

investing in business ventures

One of the lasting consequences of the Protestant Reformation was that

it led to religious divisions also known as schisms.

The cruelties of the Spanish fueled the belief that Native Americans would welcome the English as

liberators

Which of the following were positive results of the bubonic plague?

lower prices increased wages more available land

Which enterprise in the Spanish colonies was most profitable?

mining

The English Reformation, unlike that in other Protestant nations, took the form of

monarchical resistance against the reign of the pope.

After creating the Church of England, King Henry VIII made the shrewd political decision to

name himself the head of the church.

Which of the following was not a major reason for early Spanish explorers' interest in the lands and peoples of the New World?

opportunities to develop trade relationships with the native peoples

Early modern Europe was volatile because of its

rampant crime

What did the survivors of the Pánfilo de Narváez expedition experience at the hands of Native Americans on the Gulf of Mexico?

slavery

Inadequate infrastructure and constant warfare in early modern Europe threatened

the food supply

The competition between Protestants and Catholics in the sixteenth century in the New World led to

the founding of Spanish Florida to counteract the threat of French Protestants.

What is the Columbian exchange?

the transfer of germs, flora, and fauna between America, Eurasia, and Africa

The English justified their conquest of neighboring lands by arguing that

their civilization and Protestant religion were superior.

When Columbus presented his case for the second time to Ferdinand and Isabella, he was successful. For what purpose did the monarchs want the revenue his voyage would, hopefully, produce?

to continue the reconquista

Cabeza de Vaca, during his trek across Texas and northern Mexico, noted that regional trade around present-day Chihuahua relied upon

turquoise and feathers.

Juan Ponce de León's first expedition onto the mainland was met by ______ among the native inhabitants.

Armed resistance

Juan Ponce de León landed in what is now the state of _____ on the North American continent.

Florida

The Christian conflict in Europe known as the Protestant reformation______ embroiled European kingdoms in disputes that distracted them from schemes of colonization and conquest.

reformation

In the eyes of European explorers, inhabitants of the Caribbean, unlike those in Africa, were

Docile

Spain enjoyed relative freedom in the Americas during most of the sixteenth century partly because of

religious upheavals in Europe.

Two members of the 1584 expedition to Virginia produced a text that

served as a key source of information on North America and its people.

Which factors were critical in allowing Cortés's small army to defeat the Aztecs?

virgin soil epidemics, internal opposition to Aztec rule, superior weaponry