Chapter 20: Global Interdependence

Summary of Section 1

Science and technology change what people produce and the jobs they work which changes the economy.

Green Revolution

A movement started by agricultural scientists. An attempt to increase food production worldwide. Promoted the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield, disease-resistant strains of a variety of crops. Helped avert famine and increase crop yields in many parts of the world. Negatives: - fertilizers and pesticides often contain dangerous chemicals that can cause cancer and pollute the environment - The cost of the chemicals and the equipment to harvest more crops was too expensive for the average peasant farmer - Smaller farmers had little benefit, some kicked off land by larger businesses Began putting genes into the plants, risk= accidental creation of disease-causing organisms, benefit=increasing food production

Proliferation

A nuclear non-proliferation treaty was signed to limit the spread of nuclear weapons US and Russia signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties, talked about deactivating nuclear weapons, some countries promised not to produce chemical or biological weapons

Cloning

A type of genetic engineering, creation of identical copies of DNA. Allows scientists to reproduce both plants and animals that are identical to existing plants and animals.

Nations Unite and Take Action

After WWII, NATO, Warsaw Pact, and SEATO, etc. were formed. They pledged for military aid for their common defense UN works to keep global security

Genetic Engineering

Allowed scientists to introduce new genes into an organism to give that organism new traits. Scientists could isolate and examine individual genes responsible for different traits.

USA Patriot Act

An antiterrorism bill that was signed by president Bush and would be turned into a law. It allowed the government to: - Detain foreigners suspected of terrorism for seven days without charging them with crime - Tap all phones used by suspects and monitor their email and internet use - Make search warrants valid across states - Order US banks to investigate sources of large foreign accounts - Prosecute terrorist crimes without any time restrictions or limitations

Environmental Impacts

Burning of coal and oil releases carbon dioxide which causes health-damaging air pollution and acid rain, contributes to global warming

Ozone Layer

CFCs or chlorofluorocarbons destroy the ozone layer which is the main protection against the sun's damaging ultraviolet rays. Skin cancer is rising as a result and causes damage to plants and plankton at the bottom of the food chains. large-scale soil erosion is a problem due to new farming techniques habitat destruction and shrinking number of wildlife comes from land development = high extinction rate

Multinational Corporations

Companies that operate in a number of different countries. aka transnational countries. Ex: Exxon Mobil and Ford(US), BP and Royal Dutch/Shell (Euro), Toyota, and Mitsui(Japan) Established manufacturing plants, offices, or stores in many countries Manufacturing plants- chose the place where the raw materials or labor are cheapest = produce components of their products in different places Allows companies to view the whole world as a market for their goods, distributed as if there were no borders

Department of Homeland Security

Created to coordinate national efforts against terrorism. Created by Americans to prevents more terrorist attacks.

Popular Culture

Cultural elements that reflect a group's common background and changing interests. Involves music, sports, movies, the Internet, clothing, food, hobbies, or activities. Many homes have a television in both America and Europe, helps create fast sharing of information from everyday life. The internet is faster, videos, blogs, and social media can be updated and viewed in minutes. Television has a massive influence on pop culture.

Free Trade

Elimination of trade barriers. A major goal of globalization GATT = General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade; discussions between nations, helps open trade borders, lowered tariffs WTO = World Trade Organization, oversees the GATT to make sure trade runs smoothly

Regional Trade Blocs

European Organization promoted tariff-free trading among countries involved. Very successful, created the European Economic Community (EEC), most western european countries joined and is now the European Union(EU) with 27 members. They changed to the euro, their success inspired other regions NAFTA = North American Free Trade Agreement, called for gradual elimination of tariffs and trade restrictions in Canada, US, and Mexico. Organizations created in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the south pacific.

Federal Aviation Administration

FAA; ordered airlines to: - install bars on cockpit doors to prevent passengers from taking control - sky marshals were assigned to fly on planes, National Guards patrolled airports - The Aviation and Transportation Security Acts became law and made airport security the federal government's responsibility. Federal security force would inspect luggage and carry ons.

AIDS

Greatest global health issue, acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Attacks the immune system Sub-Saharan Africa is the worst victim, kill people between the ages of 15-49 most commonly which reduces the people who can work, manage, and become entrepreneurs and economic growth is slowing. UN issued the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS which set targets for halting the spread of AIDS and provided guidelines on how countries should pool their efforts.

A Global Economic Crisis

Housing prices in the US skyrocketed, b/c lax lending policies that offered mortgage loans to almost anyone Bundled mortgages in an investment vehicle are called a mortgage-backed security (MBS)- purchased by investors When prices plummeted, banks and investors saw the value going down, lending basically stopped, could have gone bankrupt, people lost homes and jobs, governments had to stabilize it

International Space Station

ISS; created when the US and Russia agreed to merge their space programs. European Space Agency (ESA) and Japan joined, completed in 2010 and is larger than a football field and house crew of six. Experiments will lead to advances in medicine and technology and help study the long-term effects of weightlessness on the human body.

Global Ecnomy

Includes all the financial interactions among people, businesses, and governments that cross international borders. Recently, huge cargo ships could carry lots of supplied for little money from one part of the world to another. Telephone and computer linkages help make transactions

Cyberterrorism

Involves politically motivated attacks on information systems, which as hacking into computer networks or spreading computer viruses.

War in Iraq

Iraq used chemical weapons under Saddam Hussein. Suspected to create biological and nuclear weapons, agreed to destroy its nuclear weapons under inspection, but denied inspection. US president Bush ordered troops to invade Iraq, along with Great Britain and other countries, eventually won. Violence was not gone, fight for power in Iraq, angered by American soldiers.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Issued by the UN, set human rights standards for all nations Right to life, liberty, and security of a person and other specific rights Addressed issues of freedom of movement and freedom to publish and exchange information. Inspired many people worldwide, committed to following these rights. International agencies identified and publicized human rights violations

Political Impacts

Manufacturing requires processing of raw materials Trade requires transport of finished goods Both require a lot of energy=oil Nations with oil have the power to affect economic and political situations OPEC Oil embargo = boycotted selling goods Iraq invaded Kuwait and seized their oil fields, later invaded Saudi Arabia UN tried to withdraw Iraq from Kuwait with economic sanctions A coalition of 39 countries declared war on Iraq, fought for weeks and accepted a cease-fire (Persian Gulf War)

Women's Status Improves

Many countries encourged women to work so they could improve their lives. New laws and government policies gave them more equality. UN held international conferences addressing issues such as violence against women and empowering women.

Weapons of Mass Destruction

Nations have forged treaties to limit manufacturing, testing, and trade of weapons. These include nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons.

Emerging Nations

Nations in the process of becoming industrialized, became the prime location for new manufacturing operatios b/c they had eager workers with skills and would work for less money

Developed Nations

Nations with the industrialization, transportation, and business facilities for advanced production of manufactured goods. Manufacturing jobs moved out of these countries Information industries that required better-educated workers came here

Technology Revolutionizes the World's Economy

New industry = plastic, industries could make a host of products easily and cheaply Other technology advances changed industrial processes, lowered costs, and increased the quality or speed of production. Robotic arms used on automobile assembly lines = fast and safe production

Refugees

People who leave their country to move to another to find safety. Often move because they feel pushed out of their homelands, lack of food due to drought, natural disasters, and political opposition. Positive reasons too- hope for a better life for them or children. Everyone has a right to leave, a country may not accept someone though, for different reasons (Economic, political, etc.) After war, many people have no place to go, often live in camps. They are beneficial in their new country b/c they bring experience and knowledge.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Poor health is normal around the world, but health is a human right. SARS; disease that emerged in China and spread worldwide, people stopped travelling to Asia which hurt the economy.

Sustainable Growth

Scientists want to develop a way to allow growth and not destroy air, water, and land resources, sometimes called green growth Sustainable growth- Greener Growth, involves meeting current economic needs while ensuring the preservation of the environment and the conservation of resources for the future Meeting both goals is essential for the future

Ethnic and Religious Conflicts

Some conflicts are very old, have caused many deaths,

Health and Medicine

Technological progress in the sciences, medicine, and agriculture has improved the quality of the lives of many people. With the invention of more powerful microscopes, the laser, and ultrasound, new surgical techniques developed and can be used in sensitive areas like the eye or brain. Advances in medical imaging=3D images to diagnose injuries, tumors, or other info. The application of genetics research to everyday life has led to many breakthroughs, especially in agriculture.

Information Industries Change Economies

Technology advances reduced the need for workers, new demands in other areas Computerization and communications advances changed the processing of information- people could transmit information quickly and cheaply Information- financial services, insurance, market research and communication services. These jobs depend on knowledge workers- jobs focus on working w/ information Expansion of the world's economy led to an increase in the production of goods and services

Narcoterrorism

Terrorism linked to drug trafficking. Major problem in Latin America, mainly Columbia. The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia(FARC) has links with this trafficking, attacked political, military and economic targets.

Materialism

The Western mindset of placing a high value on acquiring material possessions.

Gender Inequality

The difference between men and women in terms of wealth and status. The UN wrote Progress of the World's Women 2000 saying that women had made progress especially in education and work.

Political Dissent

The difference of opinion over political issues. Individual groups have been persecuted for having different views than the government. Can lead to human rights abuse. This is a violation of human rights.

Terrorism

The use of violence against people or property to force changes in societies or governments. Threat to international peace and security, incidents have increased b/c they often cross borders. Has existed for a long time, changing. Motives can be gaining independence, expelling foreigners, changing society, religious, or cultural. Goal is to destruct what they consider to be the forces of evil, will use any weapon to get there. Often attack safe public places, or a symbolic building.

Peacekeeping Activities

UN provides a public forum, private meeting places, and skilled mediators to help resolve conflicts, and peacekeeping forces made up from soldiers around the world when needed. Work to carry out peace agreements, moniter cease fire agreements, or end fighting, help in hospitals.

Exploring the Universe

Unmanned space probes have been used to study the farther reaches of the solar system. The Soviet Venera and US Magellan provided in-depth information about Venus US Voyager 2 sent pictures of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune back to Earth Hubble Space Telescope orbits in space and sends pictures, NASA and ESA launched it Robotic rovers on mars to look for signs of life and water, launched by US: Spirit and Opportunity

Internet

Voluntary linkage of computer networks around the world. Began as a method of linking scientists so they could exchange information about research. Allow users to communicate with people across the nation and around the world, has become a way of life. Set up using telephone-line links. Has changed how and where people work.