Chapter 21 Biology 105
protist
eukaryotic, single celled, exists in colonies of cells or multicellular, membranous membrane
naegleria Fowler, "the brain eating amoeba" is an example of...
protist
cyst
protist & invertebrate, contains reproductive bodies & embryos, can survive until favorable
monophyletic
protists do not belong to the same evolutionary lineage
ulva, the multicellular leaf-like chlorophyte provides a good example of which life cycle
alteration of generations
an .... is a protozoan that is amorphous and moves via a pseudopod
amoeba
which of the following is made from brown algae
fertilizer, algin
index fossils
foraminiferous are used to fate sedimentary rock and other fossils around the world
charophytes
green algae that, based on genetic data closely related to land plants, nucleotide sequencing and cellular features, exists as filaments
volvox
green algae, colonial
apicomplexans
group of parasitic protozoans that penetrate host cells, including members that causes malaria, that lack mobility and form spores
brown algae
marine photosynthetic protist with notable abundance of xanthophyll pigments, including unknown seaweed
pseudopods
meoboid cell is one that moves by using this, cytoplasmic extensions of ameoboid protists, locomotion for engulfing food
the protists called Kinetoplastids have large masses of DNA called kinetoplasts in..
mitochondria
regarding nutrition golden brown algae are most commonly
mixotrophs
the green algae volvox exists as a group of thousands of cells
colony
phagocytosis
attains amoebozoans food, engulf their prey with pseudopod (algae, bacteria or other protists)
kelp that grows along shorelines and forms dense forests are types of
brown algae
stramenipiles include
brown algae water molds diatoms
kelp
brown algae, colonial
stramenopiles
brown algae, water molds, diatoms & golden brown algae characterized by "hairy" flagellum
amoeboid
cell that moves & engulfs debris within pseudopods
slime molds may superficially resemble fungi and have flagellated cells during heir life cycle but what do they lack
cell walls
vacuoles
cellular structures that form to hold food a ciliate sweeps into its gullet
which pigments are associated with brown algae
chlorophyll a & c , carotenoid
ciliate
complex unicellular protist that moves by means of cilia and digests food in food vacuoles
rhizarians
contains foraminiferous and radiolarians (organisms with fine, threadlike pseudopods)
chlorophytes
diverse group green algae, freshwater, marine & terrestrial forms that synthesize chemical & anatomical characteristics with land plants
filament
end to end chains of cells that form cell division occurs in only one plane, in plants, elongated stalk of stamen
mixotroph
euglena is an example use a combination of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes
excavata
euglenoids, Kinetoplastids, parabasalids, diplomonads, have atypical or absent mitochondria and distinctive flagella or deep oral grooves
amoebozoans
eukaryotes include amoebas & slime molds & characterized by lope- shaped pseudopodia
binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.
chromoalveoleata includes
Alveolates, stramenopiles
amoebozoa
Amoebozoans are predominantly aquatic organisms that move through the use of pseudopodia. They include slime molds, or decomposers that feed on dead and decaying organic matter. These organisms lack cell walls and have flagella at some stage of their life cycle. They typically exist as plasmodia that develop fruiting bodies called sporangia. These sporangia release spores that germinate under favorable conditions. This supergroup also includes amoeboids, which frequent freshwater lakes and streams. Some, such as Entamoeba histolytica, cause dysentery in humans.
plasmodial slime molds
Exist as plasmodium, diploid, multinucleated, cytoplasmic mass enveloped by a slime sheath, moves by pseudopods on forest floor or in field, feeding by decaying plant material by phagocytosis,k reproduces by spore formation slime old that consists of free living mass of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei that feeds by phagocytosis
euglenids
Flagellated and flexible freshwater single-celled protist that usually contains chloroplasts and has a semirigid cell wall, reproduce asexually by longitudinal cell division
life cycle of plasmodium vivax in chronological order
Gametes fuse in the gut of a female Anopheles mosquito and the zygote divides to produce sporozoites. Sporozoites are transmitted to a human from the salivary glands of a female Anophelesmosquito when the mosquito bites the human. Merozioites produced in the human liver cells enter the blood stream and then the red blood cells. In the blood cells, they feed as trophozoites. Red blood cells rupture, releasing merozoites that invade new red blood cells and reproduce asexually within these new cells. Red blood cells rupture, releasing merozoites and toxins into the bloodstream. Merozoites either become gametocysts and enter the bloodstream or are taken up by a mosquito, where they become gametes.
origin of eukaryotic organelles
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by engulfing free-living bacterium Mitochondria were derived from engulfing aerobic bacterium Chloroplasts were derived later from engulfing cyanobacterium Part of the genomes of the engulfed bacteria have been incorporated into the host cell genome
archaeplastids
The supergroup Archaeplastida includes land plants and other photosynthesizers, such as green algae, which include the chlorophytes and charophytes, and red algae. The green algae contain green and yellow pigments used for photosynthesis. These green algae can be multicellular or unicellular. The charophytes are thought to be the group most closely related to land plants. The charophytes are filamentous in structure and include Spirogyra. The chlorophytes include Volvox and Chlamydomonas. The red algae are multicellular organisms that contain red and blue accessory pigments, allowing them to undergo photosynthesis even in deep waters.
protists affect human health
Trypanosoma cruzi belongs to the supergroup Excavataand causes the deadly Chagas disease that plagues Central and South America. Giardia lambia belongs to the supergroup Excavata and is a parasite that infects humans and is transmitted through contaminated water. Plasmodium vivax belongs to the SAR supergroup and is responsible for malaria. Entamoeba histolytica belongs to the supergroup Amoebozoa and causes dysentery. Phytopthora infestans belongs to the SAR supergroup and is responsible for a potato blight that caused a famine in Ireland that killed millions. Alexandrum catanella belongs to the SAR supergroup and is responsible for red tide, a blooming event that kills fish, causing financial loss to fishermen.
cellular slime mold
amoeboid cell, common in soil, feed on bacteria & yeasts by phagocytosis and aggregate to form a plasmodium that produces spores
water mold
an aquatic, fungus like protist that could be parasitizing a dead insect, cell wall made of cellulose decomposers of dead freshwater organisms some are parasites of aquatic & terrestrial organisms hi
mixotroph
an organism that can se either autotrophic or heterotrophic means of gaining nutrients
protists characteristics
colonial, diverse, multicellular, single celled
endosymbiotic theory
evolution of eukaryotic cells that quire mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts by engulfing free-living bacterium that developed a symbiotic relationship within the cell one organism lives inside another
nucleariid
fungi, lack same cell wall & threadlike pseudopods
agar
gelatin-like product made from red algae and used as a solidifying agent for growing bacteria and gel electrophoresis
spirogyra
green algae, filamentous
in normal favorable conditions, chlamydomonas exist as
haploid
protozoans
heterotrophic, obtain organic compounds from environment
heterotrophs
includes the protozoans obtain compounds from the environment
amoebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica mainly affects...
intestines
trichocysts
long barbed threads released by some ciliates to capture prey
colony
loose association of cells, each remaining independent for most functions
opisthokonta includes
nucleariids animals fungi choanoflagellates
asexual reproduction
occurs when conditions are favorable
sexual reproduction
occurs when conditions are unfavorable
endosymbiosis
one organism lives inside another
which of the following organisms os Excavata lack mitochondria and produce ATP by fermentation
parabasallids, diplomonads
alveolates
parasitic dinoflagellates, ciliates & apicomplexans small air sacs beneath their plasma membrane to provide structural support unicellular responsible for malaria, fish kills and red tide
stramenopiles
parasitic useful for food, fertilizers, health & beauty products, & pectin like products include diatoms, brown algae, golden brown algae & water molds unicellular or multicellular
algae are ..... protists
photoautotrophic
which of the following are uses of diatomaceous earth
polishing agent, soundproofing material, filtering agents
photoautotrophs
protists that synthesize organic compounds via photosynthesis includes algae, a diverse group of protists
the algae that contain pigments that are best adapted to absorb sunlight at very great depths in the oceans are
red algae
Archaeplastida
red and green algae and some land plants
foraminiferans
rhizarians that have calcium carbonate tests with many openings through which pseudopods extend
radiolarians
rhizarians that have glassy silicone tests, radial arrangements of spines, pseudopods are external to test
conjugation
separate spirogyra filaments exchange genetic material, transfer of genetic material from one cell to another
kinoplastid
single cell, flagellate protist characterized by presence in their single mitochondrion of a kinoplast
alveolates
single celled, dinoflagellates, apicomplexus, ciliates, alveoli support plasma membrane that are thought to lead support to the cell surface or aid in membrane transport
golden brown algae
single celled, pigments containing chlorophyll a & b carotenoids that produce color, may be naked, covered with organic or cilia scales or enclosed in a secreted cavelike structure called lorica
dinoflagellates
single celled, producers, photoautotrophic, base of aquatic food chain, two flagella, one whiplash & others located within grooves between protective cellulose plates, significant part of phytoplankton a phenomenon called red tide occurs as a result of dinoflagellate population explosion
plankton
small freshwater and marine organism that are suspended in bodies of water and serve as the foundation of the food chain
test
the skeleton like structure that is found in foraminiferous and radiolarians
fruiting body
the structure that bears sporangia and that forms during sexual phase of a slime mold life cycle
diatoms
tiny, single celled stramenopiles with silica shells, golden brown algae with a cell wall in two parts or valves
which od the following diseases are caused by apicomplexa protozoans
toxoplasmosis, malaria
vectors
transfers diseases between host & other organisms insects that transmit typansoma diseases to humans
euglenids
unicellular autotrophic or heterotrophic two flagella bound by pellicle
kinetoplastids
unicellular contain mitochondria with large amounts of DNA
parabasalids
unicellular lack mitochondria and use fermentation for energy production contain fibrous connections between flagella and Golgi bodies
diplomonads
unicellular two flagella lack mitochondria and use fermentation for energy production two nuclei