Chapter 21 Biology 105

protist

eukaryotic, single celled, exists in colonies of cells or multicellular, membranous membrane

naegleria Fowler, "the brain eating amoeba" is an example of...

protist

cyst

protist & invertebrate, contains reproductive bodies & embryos, can survive until favorable

monophyletic

protists do not belong to the same evolutionary lineage

ulva, the multicellular leaf-like chlorophyte provides a good example of which life cycle

alteration of generations

an .... is a protozoan that is amorphous and moves via a pseudopod

amoeba

which of the following is made from brown algae

fertilizer, algin

index fossils

foraminiferous are used to fate sedimentary rock and other fossils around the world

charophytes

green algae that, based on genetic data closely related to land plants, nucleotide sequencing and cellular features, exists as filaments

volvox

green algae, colonial

apicomplexans

group of parasitic protozoans that penetrate host cells, including members that causes malaria, that lack mobility and form spores

brown algae

marine photosynthetic protist with notable abundance of xanthophyll pigments, including unknown seaweed

pseudopods

meoboid cell is one that moves by using this, cytoplasmic extensions of ameoboid protists, locomotion for engulfing food

the protists called Kinetoplastids have large masses of DNA called kinetoplasts in..

mitochondria

regarding nutrition golden brown algae are most commonly

mixotrophs

the green algae volvox exists as a group of thousands of cells

colony

phagocytosis

attains amoebozoans food, engulf their prey with pseudopod (algae, bacteria or other protists)

kelp that grows along shorelines and forms dense forests are types of

brown algae

stramenipiles include

brown algae water molds diatoms

kelp

brown algae, colonial

stramenopiles

brown algae, water molds, diatoms & golden brown algae characterized by "hairy" flagellum

amoeboid

cell that moves & engulfs debris within pseudopods

slime molds may superficially resemble fungi and have flagellated cells during heir life cycle but what do they lack

cell walls

vacuoles

cellular structures that form to hold food a ciliate sweeps into its gullet

which pigments are associated with brown algae

chlorophyll a & c , carotenoid

ciliate

complex unicellular protist that moves by means of cilia and digests food in food vacuoles

rhizarians

contains foraminiferous and radiolarians (organisms with fine, threadlike pseudopods)

chlorophytes

diverse group green algae, freshwater, marine & terrestrial forms that synthesize chemical & anatomical characteristics with land plants

filament

end to end chains of cells that form cell division occurs in only one plane, in plants, elongated stalk of stamen

mixotroph

euglena is an example use a combination of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes

excavata

euglenoids, Kinetoplastids, parabasalids, diplomonads, have atypical or absent mitochondria and distinctive flagella or deep oral grooves

amoebozoans

eukaryotes include amoebas & slime molds & characterized by lope- shaped pseudopodia

binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.

chromoalveoleata includes

Alveolates, stramenopiles

amoebozoa

Amoebozoans are predominantly aquatic organisms that move through the use of pseudopodia. They include slime molds, or decomposers that feed on dead and decaying organic matter. These organisms lack cell walls and have flagella at some stage of their life cycle. They typically exist as plasmodia that develop fruiting bodies called sporangia. These sporangia release spores that germinate under favorable conditions. This supergroup also includes amoeboids, which frequent freshwater lakes and streams. Some, such as Entamoeba histolytica, cause dysentery in humans.

plasmodial slime molds

Exist as plasmodium, diploid, multinucleated, cytoplasmic mass enveloped by a slime sheath, moves by pseudopods on forest floor or in field, feeding by decaying plant material by phagocytosis,k reproduces by spore formation slime old that consists of free living mass of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei that feeds by phagocytosis

euglenids

Flagellated and flexible freshwater single-celled protist that usually contains chloroplasts and has a semirigid cell wall, reproduce asexually by longitudinal cell division

life cycle of plasmodium vivax in chronological order

Gametes fuse in the gut of a female Anopheles mosquito and the zygote divides to produce sporozoites. Sporozoites are transmitted to a human from the salivary glands of a female Anophelesmosquito when the mosquito bites the human. Merozioites produced in the human liver cells enter the blood stream and then the red blood cells. In the blood cells, they feed as trophozoites. Red blood cells rupture, releasing merozoites that invade new red blood cells and reproduce asexually within these new cells. Red blood cells rupture, releasing merozoites and toxins into the bloodstream. Merozoites either become gametocysts and enter the bloodstream or are taken up by a mosquito, where they become gametes.

origin of eukaryotic organelles

The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by engulfing free-living bacterium Mitochondria were derived from engulfing aerobic bacterium Chloroplasts were derived later from engulfing cyanobacterium Part of the genomes of the engulfed bacteria have been incorporated into the host cell genome

archaeplastids

The supergroup Archaeplastida includes land plants and other photosynthesizers, such as green algae, which include the chlorophytes and charophytes, and red algae. The green algae contain green and yellow pigments used for photosynthesis. These green algae can be multicellular or unicellular. The charophytes are thought to be the group most closely related to land plants. The charophytes are filamentous in structure and include Spirogyra. The chlorophytes include Volvox and Chlamydomonas. The red algae are multicellular organisms that contain red and blue accessory pigments, allowing them to undergo photosynthesis even in deep waters.

protists affect human health

Trypanosoma cruzi belongs to the supergroup Excavataand causes the deadly Chagas disease that plagues Central and South America. Giardia lambia belongs to the supergroup Excavata and is a parasite that infects humans and is transmitted through contaminated water. Plasmodium vivax belongs to the SAR supergroup and is responsible for malaria. Entamoeba histolytica belongs to the supergroup Amoebozoa and causes dysentery. Phytopthora infestans belongs to the SAR supergroup and is responsible for a potato blight that caused a famine in Ireland that killed millions. Alexandrum catanella belongs to the SAR supergroup and is responsible for red tide, a blooming event that kills fish, causing financial loss to fishermen.

cellular slime mold

amoeboid cell, common in soil, feed on bacteria & yeasts by phagocytosis and aggregate to form a plasmodium that produces spores

water mold

an aquatic, fungus like protist that could be parasitizing a dead insect, cell wall made of cellulose decomposers of dead freshwater organisms some are parasites of aquatic & terrestrial organisms hi

mixotroph

an organism that can se either autotrophic or heterotrophic means of gaining nutrients

protists characteristics

colonial, diverse, multicellular, single celled

endosymbiotic theory

evolution of eukaryotic cells that quire mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts by engulfing free-living bacterium that developed a symbiotic relationship within the cell one organism lives inside another

nucleariid

fungi, lack same cell wall & threadlike pseudopods

agar

gelatin-like product made from red algae and used as a solidifying agent for growing bacteria and gel electrophoresis

spirogyra

green algae, filamentous

in normal favorable conditions, chlamydomonas exist as

haploid

protozoans

heterotrophic, obtain organic compounds from environment

heterotrophs

includes the protozoans obtain compounds from the environment

amoebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica mainly affects...

intestines

trichocysts

long barbed threads released by some ciliates to capture prey

colony

loose association of cells, each remaining independent for most functions

opisthokonta includes

nucleariids animals fungi choanoflagellates

asexual reproduction

occurs when conditions are favorable

sexual reproduction

occurs when conditions are unfavorable

endosymbiosis

one organism lives inside another

which of the following organisms os Excavata lack mitochondria and produce ATP by fermentation

parabasallids, diplomonads

alveolates

parasitic dinoflagellates, ciliates & apicomplexans small air sacs beneath their plasma membrane to provide structural support unicellular responsible for malaria, fish kills and red tide

stramenopiles

parasitic useful for food, fertilizers, health & beauty products, & pectin like products include diatoms, brown algae, golden brown algae & water molds unicellular or multicellular

algae are ..... protists

photoautotrophic

which of the following are uses of diatomaceous earth

polishing agent, soundproofing material, filtering agents

photoautotrophs

protists that synthesize organic compounds via photosynthesis includes algae, a diverse group of protists

the algae that contain pigments that are best adapted to absorb sunlight at very great depths in the oceans are

red algae

Archaeplastida

red and green algae and some land plants

foraminiferans

rhizarians that have calcium carbonate tests with many openings through which pseudopods extend

radiolarians

rhizarians that have glassy silicone tests, radial arrangements of spines, pseudopods are external to test

conjugation

separate spirogyra filaments exchange genetic material, transfer of genetic material from one cell to another

kinoplastid

single cell, flagellate protist characterized by presence in their single mitochondrion of a kinoplast

alveolates

single celled, dinoflagellates, apicomplexus, ciliates, alveoli support plasma membrane that are thought to lead support to the cell surface or aid in membrane transport

golden brown algae

single celled, pigments containing chlorophyll a & b carotenoids that produce color, may be naked, covered with organic or cilia scales or enclosed in a secreted cavelike structure called lorica

dinoflagellates

single celled, producers, photoautotrophic, base of aquatic food chain, two flagella, one whiplash & others located within grooves between protective cellulose plates, significant part of phytoplankton a phenomenon called red tide occurs as a result of dinoflagellate population explosion

plankton

small freshwater and marine organism that are suspended in bodies of water and serve as the foundation of the food chain

test

the skeleton like structure that is found in foraminiferous and radiolarians

fruiting body

the structure that bears sporangia and that forms during sexual phase of a slime mold life cycle

diatoms

tiny, single celled stramenopiles with silica shells, golden brown algae with a cell wall in two parts or valves

which od the following diseases are caused by apicomplexa protozoans

toxoplasmosis, malaria

vectors

transfers diseases between host & other organisms insects that transmit typansoma diseases to humans

euglenids

unicellular autotrophic or heterotrophic two flagella bound by pellicle

kinetoplastids

unicellular contain mitochondria with large amounts of DNA

parabasalids

unicellular lack mitochondria and use fermentation for energy production contain fibrous connections between flagella and Golgi bodies

diplomonads

unicellular two flagella lack mitochondria and use fermentation for energy production two nuclei