Chapter 21 - Respiratory System
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________ cartilages. cuneiform cricothyroid innominate corniculate arytenoid
Arytenoid
The auditory tubes open into the laryngopharynx. nasopharynx. nasal cavity. larynx. oropharynx.
Nasopharynx
Decompression sickness is a painful condition that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of ________ gas are responsible for the problem. nitrogen oxygen helium carbon monoxide carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma. as carbonic acid in the red blood cells. combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin. as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma. as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
as bicarb ions in the blood plasma
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is dissolved in plasma. carried by white blood cells. in ionic form as solute in the plasma. bound to hemoglobin. bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.
bound to hemoglobin
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form hydrochloric acid. oxygen. carbaminohemoglobin. nitric acid. carbonic acid.
carbonic acid
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to changes in blood pressure. changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH. changes in PO2. changes in pH. changes in PCO2.
changes in PCO2, PO2 and pH
The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through which structure nasal vestibule choanae nasal septum external nares
choanae
Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can move the cricoid cartilage. move food from the larynx to the esophagus. assist in breathing during exercise. close the glottis. constrict the trachea.
close the glottis
Roughly ________ terminal bronchioles arise from each tertiary bronchus. 1,500 100,000 10,000 3,000 6,500
6500
Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content. 90 percent 75 percent 100 percent 25 percent 50 percent
75 percent
What is one atmosphere of pressure? 650 mm Hg 760 mm Hg 45 mm Hg 105 mm Hg 1000 mm Hg
760
The larynx contains ________ cartilages. 5 6 9 2 14
9
Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in an increased rate of gas exchange. a loss of surfactant. decreased surface tension in the alveoli. expansion of alveoli. All of the answers are correct.
A loss of surfactant
Carbonic anhydrase is in RBCs. is an enzyme. can decrease the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. All of the answers are correct.
All are correct
Exposure to ________ generally causes a rapid increase in the rate of mucus production in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. noxious vapors allergens debris or pathogens unpleasant stimuli All of the answers are correct.
All are correct
Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume? sternocleidomastoid serratus anterior pectoralis minor scalenes All of the answers are correct.
All are correct
In inhaled dry air, which of the following is found in the highest concentration? nitrogen (N2) oxygen (O2) carbon dioxide (CO2) water vapor (H2O)
Nitrogen
Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in epistaxis. nosebleeds. epistaxis or nosebleeds. nasal congestion. a deviated septum.
Nosebleeds
The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung. medial oblique longitudinal left horizontal lateral
Oblique
The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. nasopharynx larynx oropharynx nasal cavity trachea
Oropharynx
The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the aeropharynx. nasopharynx. oropharynx. esophageal pharynx. internal pharynx.
Oropharynx
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the PCO2 should be high. pH should be slightly acidic. PO2 should be about 70 mm Hg. PO2 should be as high as possible. BPG levels in the red blood cells should be high.
PCO2 should be as high as possible PCO2 SHOULD BE LOW???
Dalton's law of gases relates to temperature and pressure of gases. partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases. solubility of gases. volume and gas pressure. gas pressure and saturation of hemoglobin.
Partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems. windpipe pharynx trachea right mainstem bronchus esophagus
Pharynx
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the pharynx. glottis. trachea. larynx. vestibule.
Pharynx
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? alveoli pharynx trachea bronchi larynx
Pharynx
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the PN2 of the alveoli. PO2 of the alveoli. solubility of oxygen in plasma. PCO2 of the blood. thickness of the respiratory membrane.
Pn2 of the alveoli
The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space. pneumothorax emphysema pleurisy pneumonia pulmonary edema
Pneumothorax
Internal respiration refers to exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the alveoli. alveoli and respiratory bronchioles. tissues and interstitial fluid. conducting portion of the respiratory system. respiratory bronchioles.
Tissues and interstitial fluid
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle. Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Inspiratory reserve volume Inspiratory capacity Tidal volume
Tital volume
The ________ extends from the sixth cervical vertebra to the fifth thoracic vertebra. secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi primary bronchi trachea lungs
Trachea
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the trachea. bronchus. bronchiole. laryngopharynx. alveolar duct.
Trachea
Which of the following is an accessory expiratory muscle? transversus thoracis muscle scalene muscle diaphragm external intercostal muscle
Transversus thoracis muscle
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the bronchioles. lungs. lower respiratory tract. upper respiratory tract. alveoli.
Upper respiratory tract
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's vital capacity. inspiratory reserve volume. expiratory reserve volume. reserve volume. tidal volume.
Vital capacity
________ = respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space) Vital capacity External respiration rate Respiratory minute volume Alveolar ventilation rate Pulmonary ventilation rate
alveolar ventilation rate
Which of the following are not present prior to birth? Rib cage is compressed. Lungs and airways contain only a small amount of fluid. Alveoli are expanded. Pulmonary arterial resistance is high. Pulmonary vessels are collapsed.
alveoli are expanded
The most superior portion of the lung is called the base. hilus. cardiac notch. apex. epipleurium.
apex
Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center. chemoreceptor apneustic pneumotaxic baroreceptor expiratory
apneustic
Type I pneumocytes produce surfactant. are thin and delicate squamous epithelial cells. patrol the epithelial surface. are scattered among the squamous cells.
are thin and delicate squamous epithelial cells.
Sympathetic input to the smooth muscle tissue in bronchioles causes all of the following except bronchoconstriction. a bigger lumen. activation of beta-two receptors. less airway resistance. relaxation.
bronchoconstriction
During inhalation: pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside. thoracic volume decreases. pressure rises inside the lungs. the diaphragm moves superiorly.
pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside.
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term external intercostal? accessory muscle of expiration primary muscle of inspiration accessory muscle of inspiration primary muscle of expiration an accessory muscle for both expiration and inspiration
primary muscle of inspiration
The Hering-Breuer reflex protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation. functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes. is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.
protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of simple squamous epithelium. moist cuboidal epithelium. ciliated squamous epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. stratified squamous epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is pneumothorax. pulmonary embolism. emphysema. COPD. anoxia.
pulmonary embolism
A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the vocal folds. extrinsic ligaments. ventricular folds. intrinsic ligaments. intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
vocal cords
Ventilation performed by contraction of the external intercostals muscle is known as ________ breathing. costal deep labored passive forced
Costal
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage. arytenoid epiglottis corniculate cricoid cuneiform
Cricoid
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. Residual inhaled volume Enhanced tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory capacity
Inspiratory reserve volume
Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song, she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is low pitched and soft. low pitched and loud. high pitched and loud. high pitched and soft. medium pitched and soft.
High pitched and loud
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except housing tonsils. housing olfactory receptors. filtering the air. warming the air. humidifying the air.
Housing tonsils
Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called hyperpnea. eupnea. diaphragmatic breathing. shallow breathing. costal breathing.
Hyperpnea
Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing, or apnea. hypoxia. eupnea. dyspnea. hyperpnea.
Hyperpnea
Dalton's law states that the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
In a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture
The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through a connection known as the oropharynx. auditory canal. nasal meatus. nasal vestibule. internal nares.
Internal nares
Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct? Only smokers will develop lung cancer. Individuals with emphysema are not at risk for lung cancer. More Americans die from lung cancer than any other form of cancer. Lung cancers are not aggressive.
More Americans die from lung cancer than any other form of cancer.
Tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clostridium difficile. Vancomycin-resistant streptococcus. Tuberculin plumonae. Staphylococcus aureus.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
The superior region of the pharynx is called the oropharynx. laryngopharynx. nasal cavity. nasopharynx. superior nasal conchae.
Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx transitions into the oropharynx at the level of the internal nares. pharyngeal septum. cribriform plate. soft palate. hard palate.
Soft palate
Moving air to and from exchange surfaces is called compliance. external respiration. internal respiration. ventilation. conduction.
ventilation
The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as asthma. emphysema. COPD. pleurisy. pulmonary hypertension.
pleurisy
The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately 40 mm Hg. 45 mm Hg. 50 mm Hg. 70 mm Hg. 100 mm Hg.
40
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately 100 mm Hg. 35 mm Hg. 45 mm Hg. 70 mm Hg. 55 mm Hg.
45
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately 40 mm Hg. 45 mm Hg. 50 mm Hg. 70 mm Hg. 100 mm Hg.
45
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats. 12 - 18 8 - 14 18 - 22 10 - 15 6 - 10
12-18
The respiratory defense system is important because it helps warm the air. helps filter the air. keeps out debris. keeps out pathogens. All of the answers are correct.
All are correct
The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________. four lobes; three lobes three lobes; two lobes two lobes; three lobes two lobes; two lobes three lobes; three lobes
Three lobes; two lobes
A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage. cuneiform vestibular corniculate epiglottic thyroid
Thyroid
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. thyroid epiglottic cricoid arytenoid cuneiform
Thyroid
The term hypercapnia refers to elevated PO2. the cessation of breathing. labored breathing. an increase in pH. elevated PCO2.
elevated PCO2
The laryngeal cartilage which is not composed of hyaline cartilage is the corniculate. arytenoid. epiglottis. thyroid. cricoid.
epiglottis
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the nasal septum. nasopharynx. internal chamber. conchae. vestibule.
vestibule
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately 40 mm Hg. 45 mm Hg. 50 mm Hg. 70 mm Hg. 100 mm Hg.
100
The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages. 4.5 cm; 60-80 2.5 cm; 15-20 2.5 cm; 40-50 1.0 cm; 15-20 1.0 cm; 10-15
2.5 cm; 15-20
Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen. 10 50 30 75 20
20
The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them? 1. secondary bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole
4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6
Gas exchange between air and circulating blood takes place within the alveoli. trachea. bronchi. terminal bronchioles. All of the answers are correct.
Alveoli
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as solute dissolved in the plasma. carbonic acid. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. bicarbonate ions. carbaminohemoglobin.
Bicarb ions
Which of the following changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes his or her first breaths? Gas diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Changes in blood flow cause the foramen ovale to close. Air enters the alveoli. The resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases. Blood flow to the lungs decreases.
Blood flow to the lungs decreases
The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway. sinus conducting primary exchange respiratory
Conducting
________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent. Cystic fibrosis Parkinson's disease MRSA Myasthenia gravis Congestive heart failure
CF
The ________ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability, how easily the lungs expand and contract. volume ventilation cellular respiration compliance intrapulmonary pressure
Compliance
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s). apneustic pneumotaxic ventral respiratory DRG and VRG expiratory
DRG and VRG
As an astronaut is lifted into Earth's orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure? decreased hemoglobin saturation increased alveolar ventilation rate decreased alveolar PO2 renal hypoxia increased hematocrit
Decreased alveolar P02
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? decreased temperature decreased pH increased tissue PO2 decreased amounts of DPG All of the answers are correct.
Decreased pH
Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa? warming the incoming air dehumidifying the incoming air trapping particulate matter cooling outgoing air None of the answers is correct; all of these are functions of the nasal mucosa.
Dehumidifying
Asthma is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles. an obstructive tumor targeting primarily the terminal bronchioles. a collapsed lung resulting from insufficient production of surfactant. characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.
Due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? forced vital capacity inspiratory reserve volume minute volume anatomical dead space expiratory reserve volume
Minute volume
Which of the following accurately describes alveolar sacs? They form a common passage that is connected to multiple individual alveoli. Each of them is formed by the branching of a terminal bronchiole inside a pulmonary lobule. Each of them forms a common chamber connected to several individual alveoli. They cover the inner surface of the thoracic wall
Each of them forms a common chamber connected to several individual alveoli
When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of partial pressure difference. exhalation. gravity. elastic rebound. accessory muscle contraction.
Elastic rebound
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the cuneiform cartilage. epiglottis. thyroid cartilage. corniculate cartilage. cricoid cartilage.
Epiglottis
The flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the larynx is called the cricoid cartilage. epiglottis. thyroid cartilage. soft palate. uvula
Epiglottis
The technical term for quiet breathing is hypoventilation. passive. eupnea. costal breathing. shallow breathing.
Eupnea
Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________. eupnea; diaphragmatic breathing costal breathing; eupnea diaphragmatic breathing; eupnea costal breathing; diaphragmatic eupnea; costal breathing
Eupnea; costal breathing
What occurs if intrapulmonic pressure is 763 mm Hg? inhalation apnea hyperventilation exhalation pause in breathing
Exhalation
Primary bronchi are to ________ as secondary bronchi are to ________. extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi intrapulmonary bronchi; lobar bronchi trachea; pharynx secondary bronchi; alveolar ducts lobar bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi
Extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi
________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles, too. Forced breathing Passive breathing Costal breathing Vital breathing Eupnea
Forced breathing
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 20 degrees centigrade. equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade. greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade. less than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade. None of the answers is correct.
Greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temp is 43C
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the soft palate. hard palate. cribriform plate. pharyngeal septum. internal nares.
Hard palate
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of external respiration. acid-base balance. hemoglobin synthesis. carbon dioxide transport. internal respiration.
Internal respiration
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to temperature. always higher in the atmosphere than in the lungs. inversely proportional to the volume of its container. directly proportional to temperature. directly proportional to the volume of its container.
Inversely proportional to the volume of its container
Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs. It is driven by a rise in PCO2. It causes RBCs to swell. It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransporter.
It causes RBCs to swell
If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs? It remains constant. It increases twice the amount of the increase in volume. It increases. It increases and possibly damages the lungs. It decreases.
It decreases
Which is a characteristic of the inflation reflex It involves receptors in the carotid and aortic sinuses. It inhibits respiratory muscles via the respiratory rhythmicity centers. It stimulates the inspiratory centers of the VRG. It inhibits the expiratory centers of the VRG.
It inhibits respiratory muscles via the respiratory rhythmicity centers.
Which upper respiratory structure includes the portion of the pharynx between the hyoid bone and the entrance to the larynx and esophagus? oropharynx laryngopharynx nasopharynx glottis
Laryngopharynx
The vocal folds are located within the larynx. bronchi. trachea. nasopharynx. oropharynx.
Larynx
Which of the following is a cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis? laryngopharynx hard palate trachea larynx
Larynx
Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch? right primary bronchus left primary bronchus right lung diaphragm left lung
Left lung
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the pharynx. nasal cavity. nose. paranasal sinuses. lips.
Lips
Secondary bronchi supply air to the alveoli. lungs. alveolar ducts. lobes of the lungs. lobules of the lungs.
Lobes of the lungs
The function of pulmonary ventilation is to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. supply oxygen to the blood. prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles. remove carbon dioxide from the blood. remove air from dead air space.
Maintain adequate alveolar ventilation
A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness? Pressure changes too fast and the carbon dioxide in the blood forms bubbles. Pressure increases too fast and too much oxygen enters the blood and forms bubbles. The gas in the SCUBA tank had too much pressure and rapid ascent forces too much air into the blood. Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles. Pressure decreases and carbon dioxide rushes into cells.
Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles
The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina. primary bronchi alveolar ducts secondary bronchi terminal bronchioles tertiary bronchi
Primary bronchi
The apneustic centers of the pons alter chemoreceptor sensitivity. inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers. provide stimulation to the inspiratory center. generate the gasp reflex. monitor blood gas levels.
Provide stimulation to the inspiratory center
Which structure is located most superior at the hilum of the left lung? pulmonary artery oblique fissure primary bronchus pulmonary veins
Pulmonary artery
Each terminal bronchiole supplies which singular structure? bronchiole tertiary bronchus pulmonary lobule secondary bronchus
Pulmonary lobule
The interlobular septa divide the lungs into alveolar sacs. pulmonary lobules. lobes. vital capacity and residual volume. visceral pleura and fibrous trabeculae.
Pulmonary lobules
Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages. It alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system. It is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. It contains many mucous glands. Tracheal cartilages prevent tracheal collapse
Reinforced with D-shaped cartilages
The entire array of protective mechanisms in the respiratory system is called the mucus escalator. respiratory immunity. respiratory defense system. acquired respiratory defense. macrophage complex.
Respiratory defense system
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the interlobular septa. respiratory membranes of the alveoli. bronchioles. terminal bronchioles. spaces between the parietal and visceral pleura.
Respiratory membranes of alveoli
Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct? Before about 1970, this disease primarily affected elderly women. Since 1992, the incidence of lung cancer among women has been increasing. About 40-55 percent of all lung cancers are the direct result of cigarette smoking. Lung cancers now account for 75 percent of new cancer cases in both men and women.
Since 1992, the incidence of lung cancer among women has been increasing.
Which type of epithelium lines the inferior portions of the pharynx? stratified squamous epithelium simple squamous epithelium pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the respiratory mucosa. internal respiratory tract. alveoli of the respiratory tract. upper respiratory tract. lower respiratory tract.
The lower respiratory tract
The glottis is the opening to the pharynx. a flap of elastic cartilage. the opening to the larynx. the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. part of the hard palate.
The opening of the larynx
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, the lungs shrink. the volume of the thorax decreases. expiration occurs. the volume of the thorax increases. the volume of the lungs decreases.
The volume of the thorax increases
Which characteristic is correct regarding an oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve? Each arriving oxygen molecule decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for the next oxygen molecule. Where the slope is steep, a very small change in blood PO2 will result in a large change in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin or released from oxyhemoglobin. Blood entering the systemic circuit has a PCO2 of 95 mm Hg. Venous blood, leaving peripheral tissues, contains minimal oxygen reserves.
Where the slope is steep, a very small change in blood PO2 will result in a large change in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin or released from oxyhemoglobin.
Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following except less inhibition of the inspiratory center during forced breathing. a drop in tidal volume. potential damage to the lungs due to overinflation. a disappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflexes. less stimulation of the expiratory center during forced breathing.
a drop in tidal volume
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly. alveolar ventilation would increase. tidal volumes would decrease. a person would stop breathing. the respiratory minute volume would increase.
a person would stop breathing
While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe is probably suffering from an obstruction in the bronchi. a pneumothorax. a bruised diaphragm. a collapsed trachea. decreased surfactant production.
a pneumothorax
An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as acute epiglottitis. strep throat. laryngospasm. laryngitis. acute pharyngitis.
acute epiglottitis
The ventral respiratory group (VRG): is found in the pons. functions in every respiratory cycle. controls lower motor neurons that innervate the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. affects accessory inspiratory and expiratory muscles when breathing demands increase.
affects accessory inspiratory and expiratory muscles when breathing demands increase.
A pulmonary embolism can be caused by ________ becoming trapped in a pulmonary artery. circulating objects in the blood masses of fat blood clots air bubbles All of the answers are correct.
all are correct
Pneumotaxic centers in the pons receive input from the hypothalamus and cerebrum. modify respiratory rate and depth. promote passive or active exhalation. inhibit the apneustic centers. All of the answers are correc
all are correct
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is bicarbonate ion. sodium ion. hemoglobin. carbon dioxide. oxygen.
carbon dioxide
A unique feature of the left lung is the apex. hilum. primary bronchus. cardiac notch. carina.
cardiac notch
Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation causes respiratory bronchioles to swell and dilate. reduces movement of the epiglottis. reduces the size of the pleural cavity. causes fluids to leak into the alveoli. causes the lungs to leak air into the thorax.
causes fluids to leak into the alveoli
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle? affects lung compliance contraction increases airway resistance accessory muscle of expiration accessory muscle of inspiration primary muscle of inspiration
contraction increases airway resistance
Which structure(s) function(s) in the opening and closing of the glottis and the production of sound corniculate and arytenoid cartilages cricoid and thyroid cartilages vestibular folds vocal folds
corniculate and arytenoid cartilage
The conchae provide an opening into the pharynx. divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side. provide an opening to paranasal sinuses. create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus. provide a increase in surface area for the sense of smell.
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus
The thyroid cartilage is attached to the cricoid cartilage by the vestibular folds. cricothyroid ligament. intrinsic laryngeal muscles. extrinsic ligaments. intrinsic ligaments.
cricothyroid ligament
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases. increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli. decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood.
decrease the partial pressue of carbon dioxide in the alveoli
External respiration involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs. utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism. binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid.
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will decrease the rate of breathing. decrease pulmonary ventilation. double the respiratory rate. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. decrease the vital capacity
double the respiratory rate
When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration? during pulmonary ventilation during external respiration immediately after carbon dioxide enters the blood when the chloride shift occurs during internal respiration
during external respiration
The respiratory mucosa consists of fibrocartilage and mucous cells. ciliated stratified squamous and columnar cells. dense irregular connective and adipose tissue. dense regular connective and areolar tissue. epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.
The openings to the nasal cavity are the nasal sinuses. internal nares. external nares. nasal meatuses. nasal conchae.
external nares
Damage to the phrenic nerves would increase the tidal volume. force reliance on costal breathing. have little effect on ventilation. increase respiratory rate. result in greater pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air.
force reliance on costal breathing
In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration? from the blood into the tissue cells from the tissue cells into the blood from the lungs into the atmosphere from the blood into the lungs from the lungs into the blood
from the tissue cells into the blood
Which of the following is defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) tidal volume (VT) functional residual capacity (FRC) expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
functional residual capacity (FRC)
During swallowing, the glottis closes. intrinsic laryngeal muscles relax. extrinsic laryngeal muscles relax. epiglottis is elevated.
glottis closes
The number of lobes in the right lung is greater than the number of lobes in the left lung. equal to the number of lobes in the left lung. less than the number of lobes in the left lung.
greater than the number of lobes in the left lung
The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is equal to the sum of partial pressures from carbon dioxide and nitrogen. equal to the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest. less than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest. greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest. None of the answers is correct.
greater than the parital pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 is less than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2. greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2. equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2. equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.4. None of the answers is correct.
greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when pH is 7.2
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is less than intrapulmonic pressure. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. greater than intraalveolar pressure. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is less than intrapulmonic pressure. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. greater than intraalveolar pressure. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called asthma. lung cancer. ischemia. emphysema. hypoxia.
hypoxia
Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except cortical association areas. Broca's center. the limbic system. the precentral motor gyrus. the hypothalamus.
precentral motor gyrus
Which is true regarding the Bohr effect on the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve? If the pH decreases, the saturation curve shifts to the left. If the pH increases, the saturation curve shifts to the right. If the pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen. If the temperature decreases, hemoglobin more readily gives up its oxygen reserves.
if pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen
Boyle's law of gases states that the pressure and volume of a gas are equal. as the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up. the total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures. if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down. the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure.
if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down
A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time, you would expect to observe increased cardiac output from the left ventricle. increased thickness of the right ventricular wall. increased cardiac output from the right ventricle. distension of the pulmonary veins from the right lung. no appreciable changes in heart structure or function
increased thickness of the right ventricular wall
During quiet breathing, both inspiration and expiration are passive. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. only the internal intercostal muscles contract. both inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive
In quiet breathing, inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. inspiration is deep and forceful. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. inspiration and expiration are both passive.
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle. scalene serratus anterior internal intercostal diaphragm external intercostal
internal intercostal
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is pulmonary ventilation. external respiration. breathing. internal respiration. cellular respiration.
internal respiration
Respiratory minute volume, VE: is the amount of air one moves into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle. is calculated by multiplying the respiratory rate, f, by the tidal volume, VT. is the amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. is calculated by subtracting the dead space, VD, from the tidal volume, VT.
is calculated by multiplying the respiratory rate, f, by the tidal volume, VT.
Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood: functions as pH buffers. undergoes chloride shift. is converted to carbaminohemoglobin. is converted to carbonic acid.
is converted to carbonic acid
The nasal cavity: directly conducts air to and from the gas exchange surfaces. is considered part of the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract. is part of the upper respiratory system. includes the bronchioles.
is part of the upper respiratory system.
Internal respiration: involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs. includes all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body's interstitial fluids and the external environment. is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells. is the movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells.
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because there is less resistance to air flow. it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. it combines olfaction with respiration. it dries out the mouth. bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity.
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
Which of the following is false about the pharynx? The oropharynx connects to oral cavity. The laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening. It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems. Solids, liquids, and gases pass through. The nasopharynx is superior.
it is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because it permits the trachea to pinch shut prior to sneezing. large masses of food can move through the esophagus. the bronchi are also C-shaped. large masses of air can pass through the trachea and thus the bronchi. it facilitates turning of the head.
large masses of food can move through the esophagus
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when pH is low. less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. greater than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. None of the answers is correct.
less than hemoglobins affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low
The pneumotaxic center of the pons prolongs inspiration. modifies the rate and depth of breathing. sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. stimulates the dorsal respiratory group.
modifies the rate and depth of breathing
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in decreased vital capacity. less activity in the DRG center. increased respiratory rate. more intense inhalation. a shorter respiratory cycle.
more intense inhalation
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen. 50 75 25 more than 90 10
more than 90
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the utilization of oxygen. movement of air into and out of the lungs. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.
movement of air into and out of the lungs
Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments. movement of the arytenoid cartilages. contraction of laryngeal muscles. movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles. extrinsic ligaments.
movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a(n) debris filter. increased surface area for gas exchange. respiratory rhythmicity center. sticky surface. mucus escalator.
mucus escalator
Emphysema: occurs in individuals identified as blue bloaters. is a condition characterized by conducting passageways that are extremely sensitive to irritants. is a long-term inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining. occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the carotid body. medullary chemoreceptors. aortic body. olfactory epithelium.
olfactory epithelium
The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the laryngopharynx. larynx. oropharynx. nasopharynx. nasal cavity.
oropharynx
Determination of blood gases includes testing an arterial sample for PO2. pH. PO2 and PCO2. pH, PO2, and PCO2. PCO2.
pH, PO2, and PCO2.
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces whistling. articulation. ululation. speech. phonation.
phonation
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation? rectus abdominis and diaphragm muscles pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles diaphragm and external intercostal muscles diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles
rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is anoxia. pulmonary embolism. respiratory distress syndrome. COPD. pneumothorax.
respiratory distress syndrome
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. left primary right secondary medial right primary left secondary
right primary
The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as the chloride transport. swap. exchange. shift. trade.
shift
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of simple squamous epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. moist cuboidal epithelium. ciliated squamous epithelium. surfactant cells.
simple squamous epithelium
Henry's law states that in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.
the volume of gas that will
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric. atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. they are equal. intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.
they are equal
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from genetic mutation in cilia production. reduced mucus secretions in the trachea. thick secretions that are difficult to transport. laryngospasms. lack of neural control of respiration.
thick secretions that are difficult to transport.
The volume of air moved in a single respiratory cycle is called lung volume. vital capacity. respiratory volume. alveolar minute volume. tidal volume.
tidal volume
The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is psi. centigrade. mm Hg. torr. cm H2O.
torr
The placement of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass the larynx is called a(n) intubation. catheterization. tunnelization. trachectomy. tracheostomy.
tracheostomy
The chloride shift occurs in order to pump hydrochloric acid out of gastric cells. force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues. produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells. transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma. produce carbonic acid.
transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in inspired air. alveolar air. expired air. venous blood. arterial blood.
venous blood
