EXAM 4 A & P 2

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A calorie is the amount of energy that will raise the temperature of 1g of water ______ degrees Celsius?

1

What is a goblet cell?

A mucus-secreting epithelial cell

Which substances are absorbed from the stomach?

Aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs

Which muscles manipulate food and push it between teeth during mastication?

Buccinator and orbicularis oris

Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats in the small intestine?

Cholecystokinin

Which is considered a short-term regulator of appetite?

Cholecystokinin

What is the semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food within the stomach known as?

Chyme

The stimulus for the _____________ reflex is stretching of the rectum.

Defecation

Plant cellulose and pectin are examples of which of the following?

Dietary fiber

Which are functions of saliva?

Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted Cleanses mouth and teeth Aids in swallowing

What is the initial segment of the small intestine?

Duodenum

What are the segments of the small intestine in the order through which food passes?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What is the straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach called?

Esophagus

The study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders is called _____________________

Gastroenterology

Which peptides are involved in short-term regulation of appetite?

Ghrelin Cholecystokinin Peptide YY

The most common colonic contractions that occur about twice an hour are _________________contractions.

Haustral

Which colonic contractions are the most common, occurring about twice an hour?

Haustral contractions

What are the microscopic structural subunits of the liver?

Hepatic lobules

Which factors have been shown to affect the set point for body weight in humans?

Hereditary factors Exercise habits Eating habits

In humans, body weight is determined by which of the following?

Heredity and environmental influences

Which are functions of mesenteries?

Hold abdominal viscera in place Provide passage for nerves Provide passage for blood vessels

Which best defines the term nutrient?

Ingested compound used for growth, repair or maintenance

Which describes the fundus of the stomach?

It is the domed superior region.

Which of the following describes the fundus of the stomach?

It is the domed superior region.

What are the gastric rugae?

Longitudinal folds in the stomach lining

Which muscles produce the up-and-down crushing action of the teeth during mastication?

Masseter and temporalis

Chewing is also known as which of the following?

Mastication

The sheets of connective tissue that hold the abdominal viscera in place are called _____________.

Mesenteries

Which are found in saliva?

Mucus Amylase Water Lysozyme Lipase

Which of the following is a feature that the stomach and the small intestine have in common?

Mucus-secreting cells (goblet cells)

The digestion of starch by amylase results in the production of which of the following?

Oligosaccharides and maltose

What part (a cavity) of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?

Oral cavity

The stomach receives what type of stimulation via the vagus nerve?

Parasympathetic

Which is true of chemical digestion in the stomach?

Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach.

THE INACTIVE FORM OF PEPSIN IS CALLED _________________

Pepsinogen

The predominant type of involuntary muscle contraction occurring in the stomach is

Peristalsis

What is the predominant type of muscle contraction occurring in the stomach?

Peristalsis

Which are lipids?

Phospholipids Triglycerides Cholesterol

Which are functions of the oral cavity?

Respiration Ingestion Speech

Which liver function contributes to the process of digestion?

Secretion of bile

What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract wall?

Serosa

What is the primary epithelium found in the large intestine?

Simple columnar

Which are stimuli for defecation?

Stretching of the rectum Stretching of the sigmoid colon Stretching of the descending colon

Which of the following is achieved with small intestinal muscle contractions?

The propelling of contents along the intestines An increased contact of chyme with the intestinal lining The mixing of chyme with secretions

What is ingestion?

The selective intake of food

What is gastroenterology?

The study of the digestive tract

What is the significance of the epithelial tight junctions and the mucous coat lining the stomach?

They protect the stomach lining from acid damage.

Which is true of the long reflexes that aid in regulation of the digestive tract?

They use the vagus nerves and brainstem.

Which protect the stomach lining from the acidic contents?

Tight junctions Mucous coat Epithelial cell replacement

What are the typical end products of triglyceride digestion?

Two free fatty acids + monoglyceride

Which nutrients are absorbed without being digested?

Vitamins and minerals

What does the emetic center of the medulla oblongata stimulate?

Vomiting

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Water and electrolyte absorption

What are the components of intestinal juice?

Water and mucus

How long is the gallbladder?

about 10cm

How is water absorbed from the digestive tract?

absorbed by osmosis

The enzyme that digests dietary starch is salivary or pancreatic

amylase

In order for digestion to occur, chyme is required to contact the microvilli of the intestinal wall because the __________.

brush border enzymes are not secreted into the lumen

__________________ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

calorie

Glucose is a ______.

carbohydrate

The large intestines begin with a pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve that is known as the

cecum

What are the three phases of gastric activity?

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

The soupy mixture of semi digested food formed in the stomach is known as

chyme

Another name for the act of swallowing is

deglutition

What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called?

digestion

List, in order, the segments of the small intestine.

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

The network of nerves that regulate digestive motility, secretion, and blood flow is called the __________ system.

enteric nervous

What are nucleases?

enzymes that digest nucleic acids, Enzymes that digest RNA and DNA

True or false: The only purpose of intestinal motility is to move residue along the digestive tract.

false

True or false: The role of the liver in digestion is to produce digestive enzymes.

false

True or false: The stomach is innervated by parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, fibers.

false

The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ______.

gallbladder

Stomach function is regulated in three phases, which are the _____________ phase, the intestinal phase, and the cephalic phase.

gastric

The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.

goblet

Blood from the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein then flows into the ______.

hepatic portal system

The primary function of the _______________intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes, but not other nutrients.

large

The gut microbiome refers to the many species of bacteria residing where?

large intestine

Enzymes that digest lipids are called

lipases

The peristaltic movement of colonic contents triggered by the gastrocolic reflex approximately 1-3 times per day is called __________.

mass movement

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including both anabolic and catabolic reactions, is called ______.

metabolism

_______________________- is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

metabolism

The term gut _____________ is the collective name for the many species of bacteria residing in the large intestine.

microbiome

Which of the following are found in intestinal juice?

mucus and water

The enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids into nucleotides are called

nucleases

In the digestive system, water is absorbed through the process of _______________, following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients.

osmosis

What is the inactive precursor of pepsin?

pepsinogen

When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into _______________the before reaching the esophagus.

pharynx

The esophagus is ______ to the trachea.

posterior

A(n) ______ is any enzyme that digests proteins.

protease

What is a protease?

protein digesting enzyme

Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme?

secretin

Which reflexes that utilize the myenteric nerve plexus to control digestive activity?

short

The mucosa of the colon is primarily lined with __________ columnar epithelium.

simple

Minerals in the diet are absorbed in the ____________ intestine.

small

Where are minerals in the diet absorbed?

small intestine

The small intestine receives nearly all of its blood supply from the ______.

superior mesenteric artery

What is deglutition?

swallowing

Minerals and _____________ are absorbed in the GI tract without being digested first.

vitamins

The forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents from the mouth is called ______.

vomiting

An enzyme that is secreted in its inactive form is known as a ______.

zymogen


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