EXAM 4 A & P 2
A calorie is the amount of energy that will raise the temperature of 1g of water ______ degrees Celsius?
1
What is a goblet cell?
A mucus-secreting epithelial cell
Which substances are absorbed from the stomach?
Aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs
Which muscles manipulate food and push it between teeth during mastication?
Buccinator and orbicularis oris
Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats in the small intestine?
Cholecystokinin
Which is considered a short-term regulator of appetite?
Cholecystokinin
What is the semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food within the stomach known as?
Chyme
The stimulus for the _____________ reflex is stretching of the rectum.
Defecation
Plant cellulose and pectin are examples of which of the following?
Dietary fiber
Which are functions of saliva?
Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted Cleanses mouth and teeth Aids in swallowing
What is the initial segment of the small intestine?
Duodenum
What are the segments of the small intestine in the order through which food passes?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What is the straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach called?
Esophagus
The study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders is called _____________________
Gastroenterology
Which peptides are involved in short-term regulation of appetite?
Ghrelin Cholecystokinin Peptide YY
The most common colonic contractions that occur about twice an hour are _________________contractions.
Haustral
Which colonic contractions are the most common, occurring about twice an hour?
Haustral contractions
What are the microscopic structural subunits of the liver?
Hepatic lobules
Which factors have been shown to affect the set point for body weight in humans?
Hereditary factors Exercise habits Eating habits
In humans, body weight is determined by which of the following?
Heredity and environmental influences
Which are functions of mesenteries?
Hold abdominal viscera in place Provide passage for nerves Provide passage for blood vessels
Which best defines the term nutrient?
Ingested compound used for growth, repair or maintenance
Which describes the fundus of the stomach?
It is the domed superior region.
Which of the following describes the fundus of the stomach?
It is the domed superior region.
What are the gastric rugae?
Longitudinal folds in the stomach lining
Which muscles produce the up-and-down crushing action of the teeth during mastication?
Masseter and temporalis
Chewing is also known as which of the following?
Mastication
The sheets of connective tissue that hold the abdominal viscera in place are called _____________.
Mesenteries
Which are found in saliva?
Mucus Amylase Water Lysozyme Lipase
Which of the following is a feature that the stomach and the small intestine have in common?
Mucus-secreting cells (goblet cells)
The digestion of starch by amylase results in the production of which of the following?
Oligosaccharides and maltose
What part (a cavity) of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?
Oral cavity
The stomach receives what type of stimulation via the vagus nerve?
Parasympathetic
Which is true of chemical digestion in the stomach?
Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach.
THE INACTIVE FORM OF PEPSIN IS CALLED _________________
Pepsinogen
The predominant type of involuntary muscle contraction occurring in the stomach is
Peristalsis
What is the predominant type of muscle contraction occurring in the stomach?
Peristalsis
Which are lipids?
Phospholipids Triglycerides Cholesterol
Which are functions of the oral cavity?
Respiration Ingestion Speech
Which liver function contributes to the process of digestion?
Secretion of bile
What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract wall?
Serosa
What is the primary epithelium found in the large intestine?
Simple columnar
Which are stimuli for defecation?
Stretching of the rectum Stretching of the sigmoid colon Stretching of the descending colon
Which of the following is achieved with small intestinal muscle contractions?
The propelling of contents along the intestines An increased contact of chyme with the intestinal lining The mixing of chyme with secretions
What is ingestion?
The selective intake of food
What is gastroenterology?
The study of the digestive tract
What is the significance of the epithelial tight junctions and the mucous coat lining the stomach?
They protect the stomach lining from acid damage.
Which is true of the long reflexes that aid in regulation of the digestive tract?
They use the vagus nerves and brainstem.
Which protect the stomach lining from the acidic contents?
Tight junctions Mucous coat Epithelial cell replacement
What are the typical end products of triglyceride digestion?
Two free fatty acids + monoglyceride
Which nutrients are absorbed without being digested?
Vitamins and minerals
What does the emetic center of the medulla oblongata stimulate?
Vomiting
What are the functions of the large intestine?
Water and electrolyte absorption
What are the components of intestinal juice?
Water and mucus
How long is the gallbladder?
about 10cm
How is water absorbed from the digestive tract?
absorbed by osmosis
The enzyme that digests dietary starch is salivary or pancreatic
amylase
In order for digestion to occur, chyme is required to contact the microvilli of the intestinal wall because the __________.
brush border enzymes are not secreted into the lumen
__________________ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
calorie
Glucose is a ______.
carbohydrate
The large intestines begin with a pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve that is known as the
cecum
What are the three phases of gastric activity?
cephalic, gastric, intestinal
The soupy mixture of semi digested food formed in the stomach is known as
chyme
Another name for the act of swallowing is
deglutition
What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called?
digestion
List, in order, the segments of the small intestine.
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
The network of nerves that regulate digestive motility, secretion, and blood flow is called the __________ system.
enteric nervous
What are nucleases?
enzymes that digest nucleic acids, Enzymes that digest RNA and DNA
True or false: The only purpose of intestinal motility is to move residue along the digestive tract.
false
True or false: The role of the liver in digestion is to produce digestive enzymes.
false
True or false: The stomach is innervated by parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, fibers.
false
The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ______.
gallbladder
Stomach function is regulated in three phases, which are the _____________ phase, the intestinal phase, and the cephalic phase.
gastric
The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.
goblet
Blood from the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein then flows into the ______.
hepatic portal system
The primary function of the _______________intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes, but not other nutrients.
large
The gut microbiome refers to the many species of bacteria residing where?
large intestine
Enzymes that digest lipids are called
lipases
The peristaltic movement of colonic contents triggered by the gastrocolic reflex approximately 1-3 times per day is called __________.
mass movement
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including both anabolic and catabolic reactions, is called ______.
metabolism
_______________________- is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
metabolism
The term gut _____________ is the collective name for the many species of bacteria residing in the large intestine.
microbiome
Which of the following are found in intestinal juice?
mucus and water
The enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids into nucleotides are called
nucleases
In the digestive system, water is absorbed through the process of _______________, following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients.
osmosis
What is the inactive precursor of pepsin?
pepsinogen
When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into _______________the before reaching the esophagus.
pharynx
The esophagus is ______ to the trachea.
posterior
A(n) ______ is any enzyme that digests proteins.
protease
What is a protease?
protein digesting enzyme
Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme?
secretin
Which reflexes that utilize the myenteric nerve plexus to control digestive activity?
short
The mucosa of the colon is primarily lined with __________ columnar epithelium.
simple
Minerals in the diet are absorbed in the ____________ intestine.
small
Where are minerals in the diet absorbed?
small intestine
The small intestine receives nearly all of its blood supply from the ______.
superior mesenteric artery
What is deglutition?
swallowing
Minerals and _____________ are absorbed in the GI tract without being digested first.
vitamins
The forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents from the mouth is called ______.
vomiting
An enzyme that is secreted in its inactive form is known as a ______.
zymogen
