chapter 22
In the oral cavity, the digestive enzyme __________ is found in saliva and begins the digestion of __________.
amylase; starch
substances absorbed by the large intestine
certain vitamins such as vitamin K organic wastes i.e. urobilinogens water
Triglycerides coated with proteins create complexes known as _______
chylomicrons
The numerous transverse folds in the small intestine that serve to increase the surface area for absorption are the ______
circular folds (plicae cicrulares)
The reflex that occurs in the large intestine and promotes the movement of feces toward the anus is the __________.
defecation reflex
The bile duct and the pancreatic duct both enter the duodenum at the _____________.
duodenal papilla
What cells in the digestive epithelium produce hormones that help regulate the digestive tract?
enteroendocrine cells
The esophagus enters the abdominopelvic cavity by passing through the ________________ of the diaphragm.
esophageal hiatus
Which of the following causes an immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine?
gastroenteric reflex
A large connective tissue structure, composed mostly of fat, that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior borders of the stomach describes the ________________.
greater omentum
The primary effect of secretin is to ______
increase the secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas
parotid glands
pair of salivary glands in the cheeks in front of the ears produce a serous secretion rich in amylase largest of the salivary glands extend from the mastoid process across outer surface of masseter
Chief cells in the gastric glands secrete ________
pepsinogen
What are the pouches that give the colon its typical appearance?
Haustra
Which type of tooth is responsible for clipping and cutting?
Incisor
Which of the following produces, on a daily basis, the least number of the peristaltic contractions that force food through the digestive tract?
Large intestine
What type of tooth can have two or three roots and is best suited for helping in mastication by grinding and crushing food?
Molars
What is the order of the layers of the gastrointestinal tract, starting with the layer in contact with the food?
Mucosa; submucosa; muscularis externa; serosa
Which cells secrete intrinsic factor?
Parietal cells
Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult?
Rennin
Which two factors play important parts in moving the chyme from the stomach into the small intestine?
Stomach distension and gastrin release
Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense, irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner?
Submucosa
Which hormone is secreted when chyme, expecially when it's rich in lipids and partially digested proteins, enters the duodenum?
CCK
Which macromolecules begin being digested in the oral cavity?
Carbohydrates and lipids
Put the regions of the stomach in the order through which food and chyme would pass.
Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric par
What is the correct sequence of parts in the colon moving from the small intestine to the anus?
Cecum; ascending colon; transverse colon; descending colon; sigmoid colon; rectum
What component of the food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals?
Fats
There are some obvious bends in the colon that you don't see in the small intestine. What are the names of these bends?
Flexures
Which peptide hormone causes the secretion of insulin from the pancreatic islets?
GIP
Which of the following is correct for adult dentition
4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 bicuspids, and 6 molars on each side
What is the average composition of fecal waste material?
75 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, and 20 percent indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains
What is the benefit of the stomach having rugae?
Allowing the expansion of the lumen
The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired if the stomach were removed?
B12
The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal glands are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones?
Cholecystokinin and secretin
If you put marbles in your mouth, which cranial nerve monitors receptors that detect their presence and causes the salivary reflex?
Cranial nerve V
Which of the following is the term for swallowing?
Deglutition
What is the main stimulus that triggers the defecation reflex
Distension of the rectum
What is the benefit of the large folds of the lining of the esophagus?
Expansion for swallowing
What is the hormone secreted by the small intestine that dilates capillaries in the small intestine area?
VIP
The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that __________.
increase the total surface area for absorption
The hormone gastrin __________.
increases the activity of the parietal and chief cells
Fatty acids and lipids are absorbed into the ____________ found in each villus of the small intestine.
lacteal
An error in swallowing is most likely detected by the ___
larynx
Many visceral smooth muscle networks have rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation because of __________.
pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger the contraction of entire muscular sheets
The two positive-feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are __________
the stretch receptors in the rectal walls and the sacral parasympathetic system