chapter 22

In the oral cavity, the digestive enzyme __________ is found in saliva and begins the digestion of __________.

amylase; starch

substances absorbed by the large intestine

certain vitamins such as vitamin K organic wastes i.e. urobilinogens water

Triglycerides coated with proteins create complexes known as _______

chylomicrons

The numerous transverse folds in the small intestine that serve to increase the surface area for absorption are the ______

circular folds (plicae cicrulares)

The reflex that occurs in the large intestine and promotes the movement of feces toward the anus is the __________.

defecation reflex

The bile duct and the pancreatic duct both enter the duodenum at the _____________.

duodenal papilla

What cells in the digestive epithelium produce hormones that help regulate the digestive tract?

enteroendocrine cells

The esophagus enters the abdominopelvic cavity by passing through the ________________ of the diaphragm.

esophageal hiatus

Which of the following causes an immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine?

gastroenteric reflex

A large connective tissue structure, composed mostly of fat, that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior borders of the stomach describes the ________________.

greater omentum

The primary effect of secretin is to ______

increase the secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas

parotid glands

pair of salivary glands in the cheeks in front of the ears produce a serous secretion rich in amylase largest of the salivary glands extend from the mastoid process across outer surface of masseter

Chief cells in the gastric glands secrete ________

pepsinogen

What are the pouches that give the colon its typical appearance?

Haustra

Which type of tooth is responsible for clipping and cutting?

Incisor

Which of the following produces, on a daily basis, the least number of the peristaltic contractions that force food through the digestive tract?

Large intestine

What type of tooth can have two or three roots and is best suited for helping in mastication by grinding and crushing food?

Molars

What is the order of the layers of the gastrointestinal tract, starting with the layer in contact with the food?

Mucosa; submucosa; muscularis externa; serosa

Which cells secrete intrinsic factor?

Parietal cells

Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult?

Rennin

Which two factors play important parts in moving the chyme from the stomach into the small intestine?

Stomach distension and gastrin release

Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense, irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner?

Submucosa

Which hormone is secreted when chyme, expecially when it's rich in lipids and partially digested proteins, enters the duodenum?

CCK

Which macromolecules begin being digested in the oral cavity?

Carbohydrates and lipids

Put the regions of the stomach in the order through which food and chyme would pass.

Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric par

What is the correct sequence of parts in the colon moving from the small intestine to the anus?

Cecum; ascending colon; transverse colon; descending colon; sigmoid colon; rectum

What component of the food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals?

Fats

There are some obvious bends in the colon that you don't see in the small intestine. What are the names of these bends?

Flexures

Which peptide hormone causes the secretion of insulin from the pancreatic islets?

GIP

Which of the following is correct for adult dentition

4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 bicuspids, and 6 molars on each side

What is the average composition of fecal waste material?

75 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, and 20 percent indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains

What is the benefit of the stomach having rugae?

Allowing the expansion of the lumen

The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired if the stomach were removed?

B12

The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal glands are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones?

Cholecystokinin and secretin

If you put marbles in your mouth, which cranial nerve monitors receptors that detect their presence and causes the salivary reflex?

Cranial nerve V

Which of the following is the term for swallowing?

Deglutition

What is the main stimulus that triggers the defecation reflex

Distension of the rectum

What is the benefit of the large folds of the lining of the esophagus?

Expansion for swallowing

What is the hormone secreted by the small intestine that dilates capillaries in the small intestine area?

VIP

The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that __________.

increase the total surface area for absorption

The hormone gastrin __________.

increases the activity of the parietal and chief cells

Fatty acids and lipids are absorbed into the ____________ found in each villus of the small intestine.

lacteal

An error in swallowing is most likely detected by the ___

larynx

Many visceral smooth muscle networks have rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation because of __________.

pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger the contraction of entire muscular sheets

The two positive-feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are __________

the stretch receptors in the rectal walls and the sacral parasympathetic system