chapter 22 lab quiz

On the medial aspect of the lungs, what is the name of the region where the bronchi enter the lung? What else enters the lung via this region?

The entry point of the bronchi into the lungs is called the hilum. Structures entering the hilum include the bronchus, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, the bronchial arteries and veins, the pulmonary nerve plexuses, and lymphatic vessels.

What is the composition and function of the epiglottis?

The epiglottis is composed of elastic cartilage. The epiglottis covers the opening to the trachea (glottis) when swallowing food or liquids. This prevents food from accidentally entering the respiratory tract.

What is the name of the tube that exits superolaterally from the nasopharynx?

The eustachian (auditory) tube

What is the name of the bone located anterior to the laryngopharynx?

The hyoid bone

Select the muscles located between the ribs. What are these muscles called?

The internal intercostal muscles

What are the lines on the surface of the lungs called?

The lines seen on the surface of the lungs are called fissures, and they separate the lobes of the lungs.

Air flows from the bronchi into the lungs medially through the _____1_____. The _____2_____ lung has 3 lobes, whereas the _____3_____ lung has 2. There are grooves on the surface of the lungs, called _____4_____, which separate the lungs into lobes. The _____5_____ lung is slightly larger than the _____6_____ lung due to its position in relation to the heart.

1. hilum 2. right 3.left 4. fissures 5. rights 6. left

Air then makes its way into the _____1_____. This structure includes 9 laryngeal cartilages that _____2_____. The largest of these cartilages is the _____3_____. Another significant part of the larynx, the _____4_____, covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from accidentally entering the respiratory tract. This structure is composed of _____5_____.

1. larynx 2. prevent collapse of the airway 3.Thyroid cartilage 4.epiglottis 5.elastic cartilage

Air enters the upper respiratory system through the _____1_____, which are the openings that lead into the nasal cavity. The air moves through passageways that are formed by the _____2_____, which protrude into the cavity.

1. nares 2. nasal conchae

The ______1____ is a double layered, serous membrane surrounding the lungs. The space between the layers is filled with ______2____ , which serves to reduce _____3_____ against the chest wall.

1. pleura, 2. (serous) fluid, 3. friction (chafing)

Air flows through the bronchi, which get ____1______ as you move from primary to secondary to tertiary, eventually terminating in ____2______, which are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

1. progressively smaller, 2. alveoli

Then air moves into the first part of the lower respiratory system, the _____1_____, which has rings composed of _____2_____. This structure branches into 2 _____3_____, 1 for each lung.

1. trachea 2.hyaline cartilage 3.primary bronchi

From the nasal cavity, air flows into the first part of the pharynx, which is the_____1_____. Then, it flows through the other 2 parts of the pharynx, which are called the _____2_____ and _____3_____.

1.nasopharynx, 2.oropharynx, 3.laryngopharynx

What are the structures and functions of the nasal cavity?

Air is inhaled through the nares and warmed as it passes through the nasal cavities. The nasal cavity has sphenoid, ethmoid, and frontonasal portions and the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae protrude into these cavities, shaping the passageways through which air flows. In the nasal cavity, mucus and the epithelial cilia trap unwanted particles in inhaled air.

Do you think this will cause air to move into or out of the lungs?

Air will move out of the lungs (exhalation).

Explain how an injury to the neck might cause someone to require an artificial respirator to breathe?

An injury to the cervical spine may damage the spinal cord at levels C3-C5 or damage the phrenic nerve itself. This could cause paralysis of the diaphragm, which would necessitate the use of an artificial respirator to breathe.

What other structures do you think pass through the hilum and into the lungs?

Bronchial arteries, bronchial veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

What effect does contraction of the abdominal muscles have on the abdominal viscera?

Contraction of the abdominal muscles compresses the viscera and increases intraabdominal pressure.

Do you think contraction of abdominal muscles would aid in inhalation or exhalation? Explain your answer.

Contraction of these muscles would aid in exhalation. The increased pressure in the abdomen would push the diaphragm superiorly, which would increase pressure in the thoracic cavity and force air up and out of the lungs.

What effect does contraction of the internal intercostal muscles have on the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs?

It decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs.

what is the function of the eustachian tube?

It equalizes pressure in the middle ear canal with outside air pressure.

What is the function of the hyoid bone and what makes it unique and different from all the other bones in the body?

It serves as an attachment for the muscles of the tongue and the mouth, as well as the larynx, epiglottis, and pharynx. It is unique because it does not articulate with any other bone.

what are 3 functions of the nasal cavity?

It warms the air. It cleans the air of dust and particles. It contains receptors for the sense of smell that transmit to the brain.

If you accidentally aspirated (inhaled) a foreign object, which lung do you think the object would be most likely to enter and why?

It would most likely enter the right lung, because the right bronchus is larger and more vertically oriented than the left.

What 4 bones contain paranasal sinuses?

Maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal

What structures comprise the upper respiratory system, from superior to inferior?

Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx

What are these folds of bone covered with mucous membranes called?

Nasal conchae (turbinates)

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx, from superior to inferior?

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Find and select the 2 other sections of the pharynx. What are they called?

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

What other muscles do you see contributing to depression of the rib cage?

Serratus posterior inferior

In terms of size and structure, what is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi?

The diameter of the bronchi gets progressively smaller as you move from primary to secondary to tertiary bronchi. The size and thickness of the cartilaginous rings also decrease.

What do you think happens to the pressure inside the lungs due to this volume change?

The pressure inside the lungs increases.

What are the 3 main structures that penetrate the hilum?

The pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and the primary bronchus

What are the lines you see on the surface of the lungs? Name them and the lobes they separate.

The right lung has a horizontal fissure that separates the superior and middle lobes and an oblique fissure that separates the middle and inferior lobes. The left lung only has 1 fissure, the oblique fissure, which separates the superior and inferior lobes.

What differences do you notice between the left and right lungs?

The right lung is slightly larger than the left lung, due to the heart displacing the left lung. The right lung has 3 lobes, while the left has 2. The right primary bronchus is shorter and more vertically oriented than the left primary bronchus.

Observe the bronchial tree. What differences do you notice between the secondary (lobar) and tertiary (segmental) bronchi?

The secondary bronchi are covered in pieces of hyaline cartilage, whereas the tertiary bronchi are not. Tertiary bronchi are smaller and more numerous than secondary bronchi.

What are the tiny structures that appear at the ends of the tertiary bronchi, and what is their function?

The tertiary bronchi terminate in alveoli, which are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

What is the function of the thyroid cartilage and the other laryngeal cartilages?

The thyroid cartilage is the largest of 9 cartilages that join to form the laryngeal skeleton. These cartilages protect the respiratory airways and prevent their collapse, act as attachments for the vocal cords and the ligaments associated with phonation and play a role in the cough reflex.

What is the structure and function of the trachea and the tracheal rings?

The trachea, or windpipe, is a cartilaginous and membranous tube through which air passes. It extends from the larynx to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra, where it divides into 2 bronchi, 1 for each lung. The tracheal rings are composed of hyaline cartilage, and their function is to prevent collapse of the respiratory airway.

what is the function of the Nasal Conchae?

They increase the surface area of the nasal cavity for warming, cleaning, and sensing the inhaled air.

What structures comprise the lower respiratory system, from superior to inferior?

Trachea Bronchi Lungs

what effect does contraction of the internal intercostal have on the rib cage?

it depresses the rib cage