Chapter 22 MAP

Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants.

2

An abnormal cell would be identified by the immune system because it showed

Class I MHC proteins with an antigen bound.

The steps in antigen presentation include

Phagocytic antigen-presenting cells engulf pathogens. Antigens are digested. Antigen fragments appear on the antigen-presenting cell's surface.

What is complement?

a system of circulating proteins that assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens

The end result of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation is

activated C3B attached to the cell wall

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when

an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen.

What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?

an antigenic determinant

Immunity that results from vaccination against influenza is classified as __________.

artificially acquired active immunity

Frank was bitten by a rattlesnake and received anti-venom containing neutralizing antibodies. Frank received ________ immunity and he ________ long-term immunity as a result.

artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have

Microphages include

both neutrophils and eosinophils

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?

cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

What are interferons?

chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral infections

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.

cytoxic; helper

Autoantibodies are

directed against the body's own antigens.

The ________ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum.

efferent

A sensitized B cell typically is not activated until

it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines

Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

macrophages

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.

plasma

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

tears

Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid tissue or organ? lymph nodes spleen thymus tonsils MALT

thymus

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person

was recently infected with mumps

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6

Place the following steps of NK cell killing in order. 1. Secretion of perforin 2. Realignment of Golgi apparatus 3. Lysis of abnormal cell 4. Recognition and adhesion

4,2,1,3

What are the steps that ultimately leads to antibody production?

Activation of helper T cells by dendritic cells Naive B cells conducting surveillance for foreign epitopes Differentiation of plasma cells

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.

B

What is true of both lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries?

Both types are composed of endothelium

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?

CD8

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?

CD8 cells

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?

Class II MHC proteins

What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?

Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.

What are the steps in antibody-mediated immune defense?

Helper T cells secrete cytokines. The antigen-specific helper T cells bind to sensitized B cells. The antigen binds specifically to B cell antibodies.

Pregnant women are encouraged to get flu shots so that the maternal ________ can pass through the placenta to the fetus.

IgG

Which class of antibody forms a five-antibody starburst?

IgM

Which class of the five classes of antibodies is the first to be secreted during the primary response after the initial exposure to the antigen?

IgM

During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher?

IgM; IgG

________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.

Kupffer cells

After the appearance of bacteria in the body, which immune cell is present for the shortest amount of time?

NK cells

Sally has a tumor. In an effort to fight the cancerous cells her body increases the production of

NK cells

What are characteristics of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

NK cells attack transplanted organs. NK cells induce the target cell to undergo "apoptosis" (cell suicide). NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells.

What is located at the end of the small intestine?

Peyer's patches

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.

Peyer's patches

What are the steps used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?

Secretion of granzyme Recognition of infected host cell using its TCR Secretion of perforin

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.

T

How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?

The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.

The term lymphadenopathy refers to

a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life. lies in the anterior mediastinum. produces T cells. involutes after puberty. activates B cells.

activates B cells

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

adaptive immunity

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?

all nucleated cells

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except antibodies. complement. the skin. inflammation. interferon.

antibodies

The complement system works closely with and complements the action of

antibodies

Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?

antibodies and complement proteins

Newborns gain their immunity initially from

antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.

In passive immunity, the body receives

antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an

antigen

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?

antigen-presenting cells

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions like hay fever may be treated by

antihistamines

The production of autoantibodies generally causes

autoimmune diseases.

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

cisterna chyli

The term immunological ________ refers to the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen.

competence

Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?

complement proteins

A T cell can only become activated after being physically or chemically stimulated by the abnormal target cell in a process called

costimulation

The lymphocytes that enter tissues and directly attack antigens are __________ cells.

cytotoxic T

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.

cytotoxic T

Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?

cytotoxic T cells

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?

deep in the cortex

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both external and internal threats

Antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called

dendritic cells

Natural killer (NK) cells __________.

engage in immunological surveillance recognize and kill cancer cells cause abnormal cells to undergo lysis

What do phagocytes do?

engulf pathogens and cell debris

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule.

germinal center

Stress suppresses the immune response through the action of __________.

glucocorticoids

Partial antigens that do not cause B cell activation alone are called

haptens

What are the properties of an IgG heavy chain?

has one variable segment binds one light chain has one constant segment binds complement in the constant region

Adaptive defenses include what two types of immunity?

humoral and cellular immunity

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?

humoral immunity

Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes

immunosuppressive drugs.

Suppressor T cells act to

inhibit T and B cell activities.

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate

Interferons

interfere with viral replication.

Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication?

interferons

What is true of the primary response of humoral immunity?

it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell.

Lymphatic vessels provide a conduit for metastasizing cancer cells. Ideally, such cells are removed and destroyed by what structure, which thus prevents the spread of cancer?

lymph nodes

The lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is

lymph nodes

An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called

lymphedema

The lymphoid tissue of the spleen ("white pulp") contains many __________.

lymphocytes

Which cell type is essential to the immune response?

lymphocytes

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin

What are the characteristics of adaptive defenses?

memory. specificity. versatility. tolerance.

The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group.

monocyte-macrophage

What is the type of immunity one acquires through contracting a disease such as chicken pox from another infected person?

naturally acquired active immunity

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of

passive immunization

NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells.

perforin

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

phagocytes

What cells make antibodies?

plasma B cells

Innate defenses include all of the following EXCEPT __________. production of antibodies phagocytes destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells fever

production of antibodies

Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the

red bone marrow

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the

red bone marrow

What is true of the secondary response of humoral immunity?

results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. produces more effective antibodies. depends on memory B cells.

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons?

secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

When antigens bind to inactive B cells and are brought into the cell by endocytosis to be displayed on the Class II MHC proteins this results in ________ of the B cells.

sensitization

The primary lymphoid tissues include

the bone marrow and thymus

What is immune surveillance?

the destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues

What are the characteristics of anaphylaxis?

the first exposure does not always lead to a reaction. sensitized mast cells and basophils are stimulated upon each exposure to an allergen. symptoms include capillary dilation, airway constriction, pain and itching. IgE antibodies are produced.

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes

T cells develop from stem cells in the

thymus

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?

thymus

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.

tolerance

Hormones that slow tumor growth are called

tumor necrosis factors.

Large lymphatic vessels have a wall structure most similar to which blood vessel?

veins

Lymphatic vessels begin in peripheral tissues and ultimately drain into

veins

What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?

versatility specificity memory

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

white pulp

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?

white pulp of the spleen