Chapter 22 MAP
Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants.
2
An abnormal cell would be identified by the immune system because it showed
Class I MHC proteins with an antigen bound.
The steps in antigen presentation include
Phagocytic antigen-presenting cells engulf pathogens. Antigens are digested. Antigen fragments appear on the antigen-presenting cell's surface.
What is complement?
a system of circulating proteins that assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens
The end result of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation is
activated C3B attached to the cell wall
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when
an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen.
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
an antigenic determinant
Immunity that results from vaccination against influenza is classified as __________.
artificially acquired active immunity
Frank was bitten by a rattlesnake and received anti-venom containing neutralizing antibodies. Frank received ________ immunity and he ________ long-term immunity as a result.
artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have
Microphages include
both neutrophils and eosinophils
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
What are interferons?
chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral infections
CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.
cytoxic; helper
Autoantibodies are
directed against the body's own antigens.
The ________ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum.
efferent
A sensitized B cell typically is not activated until
it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines
Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?
macrophages
The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.
plasma
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably
tears
Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid tissue or organ? lymph nodes spleen thymus tonsils MALT
thymus
T is to ________ as B is to ________.
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person
was recently infected with mumps
The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.
2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6
Place the following steps of NK cell killing in order. 1. Secretion of perforin 2. Realignment of Golgi apparatus 3. Lysis of abnormal cell 4. Recognition and adhesion
4,2,1,3
What are the steps that ultimately leads to antibody production?
Activation of helper T cells by dendritic cells Naive B cells conducting surveillance for foreign epitopes Differentiation of plasma cells
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.
B
What is true of both lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries?
Both types are composed of endothelium
Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?
CD8
Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?
CD8 cells
Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?
Class II MHC proteins
What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?
Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.
What are the steps in antibody-mediated immune defense?
Helper T cells secrete cytokines. The antigen-specific helper T cells bind to sensitized B cells. The antigen binds specifically to B cell antibodies.
Pregnant women are encouraged to get flu shots so that the maternal ________ can pass through the placenta to the fetus.
IgG
Which class of antibody forms a five-antibody starburst?
IgM
Which class of the five classes of antibodies is the first to be secreted during the primary response after the initial exposure to the antigen?
IgM
During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher?
IgM; IgG
________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.
Kupffer cells
After the appearance of bacteria in the body, which immune cell is present for the shortest amount of time?
NK cells
Sally has a tumor. In an effort to fight the cancerous cells her body increases the production of
NK cells
What are characteristics of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
NK cells attack transplanted organs. NK cells induce the target cell to undergo "apoptosis" (cell suicide). NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells.
What is located at the end of the small intestine?
Peyer's patches
________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
Peyer's patches
What are the steps used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?
Secretion of granzyme Recognition of infected host cell using its TCR Secretion of perforin
The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.
T
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?
The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.
The term lymphadenopathy refers to
a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life. lies in the anterior mediastinum. produces T cells. involutes after puberty. activates B cells.
activates B cells
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
adaptive immunity
Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?
all nucleated cells
The body's innate defenses include all of the following except antibodies. complement. the skin. inflammation. interferon.
antibodies
The complement system works closely with and complements the action of
antibodies
Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?
antibodies and complement proteins
Newborns gain their immunity initially from
antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.
In passive immunity, the body receives
antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.
A substance that provokes an immune response is called an
antigen
Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?
antigen-presenting cells
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions like hay fever may be treated by
antihistamines
The production of autoantibodies generally causes
autoimmune diseases.
The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called
chemotaxis
The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the
cisterna chyli
The term immunological ________ refers to the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen.
competence
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?
complement proteins
A T cell can only become activated after being physically or chemically stimulated by the abnormal target cell in a process called
costimulation
The lymphocytes that enter tissues and directly attack antigens are __________ cells.
cytotoxic T
When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.
cytotoxic T
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
cytotoxic T cells
Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?
deep in the cortex
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
defending the body against both external and internal threats
Antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called
dendritic cells
Natural killer (NK) cells __________.
engage in immunological surveillance recognize and kill cancer cells cause abnormal cells to undergo lysis
What do phagocytes do?
engulf pathogens and cell debris
Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule.
germinal center
Stress suppresses the immune response through the action of __________.
glucocorticoids
Partial antigens that do not cause B cell activation alone are called
haptens
What are the properties of an IgG heavy chain?
has one variable segment binds one light chain has one constant segment binds complement in the constant region
Adaptive defenses include what two types of immunity?
humoral and cellular immunity
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
humoral immunity
Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes
immunosuppressive drugs.
Suppressor T cells act to
inhibit T and B cell activities.
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
innate
Interferons
interfere with viral replication.
Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication?
interferons
What is true of the primary response of humoral immunity?
it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell.
Lymphatic vessels provide a conduit for metastasizing cancer cells. Ideally, such cells are removed and destroyed by what structure, which thus prevents the spread of cancer?
lymph nodes
The lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is
lymph nodes
An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called
lymphedema
The lymphoid tissue of the spleen ("white pulp") contains many __________.
lymphocytes
Which cell type is essential to the immune response?
lymphocytes
An inflammatory response is triggered when
mast cells release histamine and heparin
What are the characteristics of adaptive defenses?
memory. specificity. versatility. tolerance.
The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group.
monocyte-macrophage
What is the type of immunity one acquires through contracting a disease such as chicken pox from another infected person?
naturally acquired active immunity
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
passive immunization
NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells.
perforin
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes
What cells make antibodies?
plasma B cells
Innate defenses include all of the following EXCEPT __________. production of antibodies phagocytes destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells fever
production of antibodies
Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the
red bone marrow
Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the
red bone marrow
What is true of the secondary response of humoral immunity?
results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. produces more effective antibodies. depends on memory B cells.
Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons?
secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
When antigens bind to inactive B cells and are brought into the cell by endocytosis to be displayed on the Class II MHC proteins this results in ________ of the B cells.
sensitization
The primary lymphoid tissues include
the bone marrow and thymus
What is immune surveillance?
the destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues
What are the characteristics of anaphylaxis?
the first exposure does not always lead to a reaction. sensitized mast cells and basophils are stimulated upon each exposure to an allergen. symptoms include capillary dilation, airway constriction, pain and itching. IgE antibodies are produced.
Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes
T cells develop from stem cells in the
thymus
There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?
thymus
________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.
tolerance
Hormones that slow tumor growth are called
tumor necrosis factors.
Large lymphatic vessels have a wall structure most similar to which blood vessel?
veins
Lymphatic vessels begin in peripheral tissues and ultimately drain into
veins
What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?
versatility specificity memory
Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as
white pulp
Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?
white pulp of the spleen