Chapter 23

Steam engine

bruned coal to produce steam which was then used to operate a pump

George Stephenson

built effective locomotive

Industrial Revolution

burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron

Henry Cort

developed puddling furnace which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke; developed rolling mills which were capable of spewing out finished iron in any shape or form

Rocket

effective locomotive that was tested on Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 16 miles per hour

James Watt

innovated steam engine by adding separate condenser to reduce use of energy; greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine

Thomas Newcomen and Thomas Savery

invented first primitive steam engine

Samuel Crompton

invented hybrid machine that was capable of spinning fine and strong thread in large quantities

James Hargreaves

invents cotton spinning jenny

Richard Arkwright

invents water frame

Thomas Bassey and Isambard Kingdom Brunel

leading railway engineers

Crystal Palace

location of Great Exhibition in London, architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass

Water frame

machine had capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; required larger and more specialized mill (factories)

Putting out system

merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers who processed them in their homes & returned finished products to merchant

David Ricardo

pessimistic implication of Malthus's thought

Iron Law of wages

pressure of population growth prevented wages from rising above the subsistence level

Cotton spinning jenny

simple inexpensive hand-powered machine

Matthew Boulton

wealthy English industrialist who provided Watt with capital and skills in salesmanship

Thomas Malthus

wrote essay on Principle of Population; examined dynamics of human populations, concluded that the only hope to ward off famine, war, and disease was that men and women marry at an old age