Chapter 23 Respiratory System
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
Tidal volume
Which of the following age-based changes is false?
Vital capacity increases.
The ________ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability, how easily the lungs expand and contract.
compliance
The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway.
conducting
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?
contraction increases airway resistance
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.
cricoid
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
Which of the following decreases respiratory efficiency?
decreased blood flow
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
decreased pH
Inhibition of medulla oblongata chemoreceptors and respiratory muscles has what effect on respiratory rate, elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and arterial PCO2?
decreased respiratory rate, decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial PCO2
Name the primary muscles of inspiration.
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?
diaphragm and external intercostals
External respiration involves the
diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the external environment.
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis.
During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?
epinephrine
The posterior tracheal wall contacts the __________.
esophagus
When you sneeze, air is forcefully exhaled from your nose. As the air exits the nose, what is the last structure the air will pass through?
external nares
Damage to the phrenic nerves would
force reliance on costal breathing.
In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?
from the tissue cells into the blood
The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is
greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest.
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
hard palate.
Children have slender, short vocal cords so their voices tend to be
higher pitched.
Primary bronchi enter their respective lungs along with pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics at which region?
hilum
JJ is suffering from laryngitis. He will most likely experience which of the following symptoms?
hoarseness
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except
housing tonsils.
Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing, or
hyperpnea
Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called
hypoxia
Boyle's law of gases states that
if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is
internal respiration.
Which pressure remains negative throughout the respiratory cycle?
intrapleural
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?
intrapleural pressure
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is
inversely proportional to the volume of its container.
Boyle's law states that gas pressure is __________.
inversely proportional to volume
Hemoglobin
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
The superior region of the pharynx is called the
nasopharynx
The auditory tubes open into the
nasopharynx.
The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung.
oblique
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the
olfactory epithelium.
The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
oropharynx
The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the
oropharynx.
Factors affecting the release of oxygen from hemoglobin can be visualized by using a
oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve.
Which of the following is mismatched?
parietal pleura; divides lung into pulmonary lobules
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.
pharynx
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
pharynx
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
phonation.
The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as
pleurisy.
Surfactant is produced by what cell type in the alveolus?
pneumocytes Type II
The ________ inhibit the apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation.
pneumotaxic centers
The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space.
pneumothorax
The respiratory centers are located in __________.
pons, hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata
The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina.
primary bronchi
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?
primary muscle of inspiration
How many lobes does each lung have, and which lung has a cardiac notch?
right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes; the left lung has a cardiac notch
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
right primary
If PO2 increases
saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores oxygen.
What type of muscle wraps around a respiratory bronchiole and can change the diameter of the airway?
smooth muscle
The nasopharynx transitions into the oropharynx at the level of the
soft palate.
Accidentally sending fluid up out of the nose happens when the ________ fails to close off the ________.
soft palate; nasopharynx
One way to improve respiratory performance with age is to
stop smoking.
Which class of sensory receptor can modify respiratory reflexes?
stretch receptors, nociceptors, and chemoreceptors
Air flows between nasal conchae through the
superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses
Lungs are held tightly to the wall of the thorax due to
surface tension of the pleural fluid and negative pressure in the cavity.
During inhalation,
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange?
the molecular weight of the gas
Very aggressive pathogens such as the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis can easily overwhelm the protective features of the respiratory system. Less aggressive pathogens may be stopped by all of the following EXCEPT __________.
the olfactory epithelium
Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except
the precentral motor gyrus.
Henry's law states that
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
Functionally, which is more important to respiratory efficiency?
Alveolar ventilation rate
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
Alveoli
Which of the following are not present prior to birth?
Alveoli are expanded.
Which of the following processes are involved in producing distinct words?
Articulation, phonation, amplification and resonance
If a person contracts pneumonia, inflammation occurs in the lobules of the lung, causing fluid leakage into the alveoli. Which of the following best describes the effect this has on gas exchange.
As the alveoli fill with fluid, air cannot reach the alveolar surface and gas exchange cannot occur, compromising the function of the respiratory membrane.
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately
100 mm Hg.
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.
12-18
The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.
2.5 cm; 15-20
__________ percentage of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin forming __________.
23%, carbaminohemoglobin
If the hemoglobin molecules in a blood sample each had a single oxygen molecule bound to them, on average, the saturation would be __________.
25 percent
The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them? 1. lobar bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole
4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6
The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
40 mm Hg.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
45 mm Hg.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately
45 mm Hg.
Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content.
75 percent
What is one atmosphere of pressure?
760 mm Hg
The larynx contains ________ cartilages.
9
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s).
DRG and VRG
Requires increased breathing effort during inspiration because the lungs will not stretch as easily, as occurs with pulmonary fibrosis.
Decreased compliance
Increases air flow to the alveoli because air can flow easily through the airways, as occurs with exercise and the release of epinephrine.
Decreased resistance
Makes inflating the alveoli easier because the alveoli will open more easily with inspiration.
Decreased surface tension
Which statement is true?
During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2O2 when the partial pressure for O2O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same.
In which of the conditions would oxygen release from hemoglobin be increased?
During the run of a triathlon on a hot, humid day.
The respiratory mucosa consists of
Epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.
Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure and lung volume is decreasing.
Expiration
________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles, too.
Forced breathing
Intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure and lung volume is low.
Lungs at rest before inspiration
Which way would O2 and CO2 diffuse during internal respiration?
O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.
The glottis is
Opening to the larynx
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the
PN2 of the alveoli.
Blood gas analyses provide diagnostic information regarding the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs and in peripheral tissues. Which of the following values are NOT within normal limits?
PO2 in systemic capillaries leaving tissue cells: 100 mm Hg
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the
PO2 should be as high as possible.
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
upper respiratory tract.
Information from chemoreceptors travels to the brain via the ________ nerves.
vagus and glossopharyngeal
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in
venous blood.
The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the
visceral pleura.
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
vital capacity.
A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the
vocal folds.
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions.
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
blood air barrier of the alveoli.
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
bound to hemoglobin
Lung tissue receives oxygen and nutrients from the
bronchial arteries
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
carbonic acid.
A unique feature of the left lung is the
cardiac notch.
In order for the respiratory system to maintain homeostatic tissue levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide, it must coordinate constantly with the __________ system.
cardiovascular
Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation
causes fluids to leak into the alveoli.
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to
changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH.
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the
lower respiratory tract.
If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?
lungs will collapse
The function of pulmonary ventilation is to
maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
modifies the rate and depth of breathing.
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
more intense inhalation.
Alveolar ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a(n)
mucus escalator.
Which of the following relationships best describes Dalton's Law?
A gas will contribute to the total pressure in proportion to its abundance.
Which of the following changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes his or her first breaths?
Blood flow to the lungs decreases.
The effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation is known as the
Bohr effect.
Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2, why is there as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2?
CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2.
_______ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the _______.
CO2; alveoli
________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent.
Cystic fibrosis
A pneumothorax typically causes
atelectasis
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited respiratory disorder in which the mucociliary escalator no longer functions because of the presence of excessively dense and viscous mucus. Which of the following components of the respiratory system are affected by cystic fibrosis?
Goblet cells, lungs, and cilia
When levels of CO2 rise in the blood, which of the following changes will occur?
Hemoglobin releases O2, pH levels decrease, and Levels of HCO3- increase.
Which gas law states that at a given temperature the amount of a particular gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas?
Henry's Law
Which of the following statements is true regarding partial pressure and the diffusion of gases in the body?
In internal respiration, the PCO2 in the systemic capillary is 40, while the PCO2 in the interstitial fluid is 45.
Which statement is correct?
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
Makes breathing easier because lungs will easily stretch with the expansion of the thoracic wall during inspiration.
Increased compliance
Decreases air flow to the alveoli because it's harder for the air to flow through the airways, as occurs with the release of acetylcholine or histamine.
Increased resistance
Makes ventilating the alveoli harder because the alveoli tend to collapse as occurs with respiratory distress syndrome
Increased surface tension
Intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure and lung volume is increasing.
Inspiration
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume
Which pressure is a result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size or recoil, which is opposed by the natural tendency of the elastic chest wall to pull outward, enlarging the lungs?
Intrapleural pressure
If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?
It decreases.
Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?
It is completely wrapped in smooth muscle.
Which of the following is false about the pharynx?
It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.
Intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure and lung volume is high.
Lungs at rest before expiration
Which volume of air within the lungs is a result of the maximal contraction of the expiratory muscles?
Residual volume
Which of the following is not a true statement?
The DRG functions in forced breathing only.
How would the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle?
The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase.
In a condition known as pneumothorax, the integrity of the pleural cavity is lost, which leads to a collapsed lung. What is one explanation for why this occurs?
The pleural fluid that bonds (surface tension) the visceral and parietal pleurae together is broken by air.
Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law?
The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.
Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following except
a drop in tidal volume.
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,
a person would stop breathing.
While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe is probably suffering from
a pneumothorax.
An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as
acute epiglottitis.
If the production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells is inadequate, which of these changes is expected?
alveolar collapse, increased surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface, and increased inspiratory effort
The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the
alveoli
Air that remains in conducting passages and doesn't participate in gas exchange is termed
anatomic dead space.
An elastic ________ ligament and the ________ muscle connect the ends of tracheal cartilage.
anular; trachealis
The most superior portion of the lung is called the
apex
What would be the immediate effect of damage to the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)?
apnea (no breathing)
Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.
apneustic
Which of these is one of the paired cartilages of the larynx?
arytenoid
The basic pattern of breathing is established by the __________ located in the __________.
dorsal respiratory group; medulla oblongata
Asthma is
due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles.
When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration?
during external respiration
When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of
elastic rebound.
Which of these factors does not affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
electrolyte balance
The term hypercapnia refers to
elevated PCO2.
The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called
emphysema
Total alveolar surface area is reduced in
emphysema
Which of the following would be the oxygen pressure entering and leaving this capillary?
entering Po2 40 mm Hg, leaving Po2 100 mm Hg
The flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the larynx is called the
epiglottis
The laryngeal cartilage which is not composed of hyaline cartilage is the
epiglottis
Dalton's law states that
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
All of the following are changes we can expect to see in respiratory performances as we age EXCEPT a(an) __________.
increase in lung compliance
Which of the following is not an age-related change in respiratory performance?
increased respiratory minute volume
Which of these changes will DECREASE the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?
increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
During quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle.
internal intercostal
All these muscles participate in inhalation EXCEPT __________.
internal intercostals
The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through a connection known as the
internal nares.
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
internal respiration.
After blood becomes oxygenated,
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because
large masses of food can move through the esophagus.
The thyroid cartilage is also called the
laryngeal prominence and Adam's apple.
The vocal folds are located within the
larynx
Which of these is not part of the upper respiratory system?
larynx
Which of these structures is located outside the upper respiratory system?
larynx
Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch?
left lung
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is
less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.
The apneustic centers of the pons
provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.
What type of epithelium lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a traveling clot or similar obstruction is
pulmonary embolism.
The physical movement of air into and out of lungs is termed
pulmonary ventilation.
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?
rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles
External respiration includes all of these processes EXCEPT __________.
release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells
The nasal mucosa performs all of the following functions EXCEPT __________.
resist abrasion
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
the volume of the thorax increases.
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
they are equal.
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
thick secretions that are difficult to transport.
A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
The inspiratory capacity is a total of what two pulmonary volumes?
tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the
trachea.
Which of these is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
transport RBCs (red blood cells) to the tissues
