Chapter 23 Respiratory System

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.

Tidal volume

Which of the following age-based changes is false?

Vital capacity increases.

The ________ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability, how easily the lungs expand and contract.

compliance

The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway.

conducting

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?

contraction increases airway resistance

The conchae

create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.

cricoid

Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will

decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

Which of the following decreases respiratory efficiency?

decreased blood flow

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?

decreased pH

Inhibition of medulla oblongata chemoreceptors and respiratory muscles has what effect on respiratory rate, elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and arterial PCO2?

decreased respiratory rate, decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial PCO2

Name the primary muscles of inspiration.

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?

diaphragm and external intercostals

External respiration involves the

diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the external environment.

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis.

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?

epinephrine

The posterior tracheal wall contacts the __________.

esophagus

When you sneeze, air is forcefully exhaled from your nose. As the air exits the nose, what is the last structure the air will pass through?

external nares

Damage to the phrenic nerves would

force reliance on costal breathing.

In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?

from the tissue cells into the blood

The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is

greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest.

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

hard palate.

Children have slender, short vocal cords so their voices tend to be

higher pitched.

Primary bronchi enter their respective lungs along with pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics at which region?

hilum

JJ is suffering from laryngitis. He will most likely experience which of the following symptoms?

hoarseness

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except

housing tonsils.

Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing, or

hyperpnea

Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called

hypoxia

Boyle's law of gases states that

if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is

internal respiration.

Which pressure remains negative throughout the respiratory cycle?

intrapleural

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

intrapleural pressure

Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is

inversely proportional to the volume of its container.

Boyle's law states that gas pressure is __________.

inversely proportional to volume

Hemoglobin

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

The superior region of the pharynx is called the

nasopharynx

The auditory tubes open into the

nasopharynx.

The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung.

oblique

All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the

olfactory epithelium.

The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

oropharynx

The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the

oropharynx.

Factors affecting the release of oxygen from hemoglobin can be visualized by using a

oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve.

Which of the following is mismatched?

parietal pleura; divides lung into pulmonary lobules

The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.

pharynx

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?

pharynx

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

phonation.

The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as

pleurisy.

Surfactant is produced by what cell type in the alveolus?

pneumocytes Type II

The ________ inhibit the apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation.

pneumotaxic centers

The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space.

pneumothorax

The respiratory centers are located in __________.

pons, hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata

The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina.

primary bronchi

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?

primary muscle of inspiration

How many lobes does each lung have, and which lung has a cardiac notch?

right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes; the left lung has a cardiac notch

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary

If PO2 increases

saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores oxygen.

What type of muscle wraps around a respiratory bronchiole and can change the diameter of the airway?

smooth muscle

The nasopharynx transitions into the oropharynx at the level of the

soft palate.

Accidentally sending fluid up out of the nose happens when the ________ fails to close off the ________.

soft palate; nasopharynx

One way to improve respiratory performance with age is to

stop smoking.

Which class of sensory receptor can modify respiratory reflexes?

stretch receptors, nociceptors, and chemoreceptors

Air flows between nasal conchae through the

superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses

Lungs are held tightly to the wall of the thorax due to

surface tension of the pleural fluid and negative pressure in the cavity.

During inhalation,

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange?

the molecular weight of the gas

Very aggressive pathogens such as the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis can easily overwhelm the protective features of the respiratory system. Less aggressive pathogens may be stopped by all of the following EXCEPT __________.

the olfactory epithelium

Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except

the precentral motor gyrus.

Henry's law states that

the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

Functionally, which is more important to respiratory efficiency?

Alveolar ventilation rate

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

Alveoli

Which of the following are not present prior to birth?

Alveoli are expanded.

Which of the following processes are involved in producing distinct words?

Articulation, phonation, amplification and resonance

If a person contracts pneumonia, inflammation occurs in the lobules of the lung, causing fluid leakage into the alveoli. Which of the following best describes the effect this has on gas exchange.

As the alveoli fill with fluid, air cannot reach the alveolar surface and gas exchange cannot occur, compromising the function of the respiratory membrane.

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately

100 mm Hg.

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.

12-18

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.

2.5 cm; 15-20

__________ percentage of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin forming __________.

23%, carbaminohemoglobin

If the hemoglobin molecules in a blood sample each had a single oxygen molecule bound to them, on average, the saturation would be __________.

25 percent

The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them? 1. lobar bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole

4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6

The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

40 mm Hg.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

45 mm Hg.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately

45 mm Hg.

Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content.

75 percent

What is one atmosphere of pressure?

760 mm Hg

The larynx contains ________ cartilages.

9

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s).

DRG and VRG

Requires increased breathing effort during inspiration because the lungs will not stretch as easily, as occurs with pulmonary fibrosis.

Decreased compliance

Increases air flow to the alveoli because air can flow easily through the airways, as occurs with exercise and the release of epinephrine.

Decreased resistance

Makes inflating the alveoli easier because the alveoli will open more easily with inspiration.

Decreased surface tension

Which statement is true?

During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2O2 when the partial pressure for O2O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same.

In which of the conditions would oxygen release from hemoglobin be increased?

During the run of a triathlon on a hot, humid day.

The respiratory mucosa consists of

Epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.

Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure and lung volume is decreasing.

Expiration

________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles, too.

Forced breathing

Intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure and lung volume is low.

Lungs at rest before inspiration

Which way would O2 and CO2 diffuse during internal respiration?

O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.

The glottis is

Opening to the larynx

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the

PN2 of the alveoli.

Blood gas analyses provide diagnostic information regarding the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs and in peripheral tissues. Which of the following values are NOT within normal limits?

PO2 in systemic capillaries leaving tissue cells: 100 mm Hg

For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the

PO2 should be as high as possible.

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

upper respiratory tract.

Information from chemoreceptors travels to the brain via the ________ nerves.

vagus and glossopharyngeal

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in

venous blood.

The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the

visceral pleura.

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity.

A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the

vocal folds.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions.

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

blood air barrier of the alveoli.

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin

Lung tissue receives oxygen and nutrients from the

bronchial arteries

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form

carbonic acid.

A unique feature of the left lung is the

cardiac notch.

In order for the respiratory system to maintain homeostatic tissue levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide, it must coordinate constantly with the __________ system.

cardiovascular

Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation

causes fluids to leak into the alveoli.

Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to

changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH.

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the

lower respiratory tract.

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

lungs will collapse

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to

maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in

more intense inhalation.

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the alveoli.

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a(n)

mucus escalator.

Which of the following relationships best describes Dalton's Law?

A gas will contribute to the total pressure in proportion to its abundance.

Which of the following changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes his or her first breaths?

Blood flow to the lungs decreases.

The effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation is known as the

Bohr effect.

Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2, why is there as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2?

CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2.

_______ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the _______.

CO2; alveoli

________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent.

Cystic fibrosis

A pneumothorax typically causes

atelectasis

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited respiratory disorder in which the mucociliary escalator no longer functions because of the presence of excessively dense and viscous mucus. Which of the following components of the respiratory system are affected by cystic fibrosis?

Goblet cells, lungs, and cilia

When levels of CO2 rise in the blood, which of the following changes will occur?

Hemoglobin releases O2, pH levels decrease, and Levels of HCO3- increase.

Which gas law states that at a given temperature the amount of a particular gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas?

Henry's Law

Which of the following statements is true regarding partial pressure and the diffusion of gases in the body?

In internal respiration, the PCO2 in the systemic capillary is 40, while the PCO2 in the interstitial fluid is 45.

Which statement is correct?

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

Makes breathing easier because lungs will easily stretch with the expansion of the thoracic wall during inspiration.

Increased compliance

Decreases air flow to the alveoli because it's harder for the air to flow through the airways, as occurs with the release of acetylcholine or histamine.

Increased resistance

Makes ventilating the alveoli harder because the alveoli tend to collapse as occurs with respiratory distress syndrome

Increased surface tension

Intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure and lung volume is increasing.

Inspiration

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Which pressure is a result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size or recoil, which is opposed by the natural tendency of the elastic chest wall to pull outward, enlarging the lungs?

Intrapleural pressure

If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?

It decreases.

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?

It is completely wrapped in smooth muscle.

Which of the following is false about the pharynx?

It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.

Intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure and lung volume is high.

Lungs at rest before expiration

Which volume of air within the lungs is a result of the maximal contraction of the expiratory muscles?

Residual volume

Which of the following is not a true statement?

The DRG functions in forced breathing only.

How would the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle?

The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase.

In a condition known as pneumothorax, the integrity of the pleural cavity is lost, which leads to a collapsed lung. What is one explanation for why this occurs?

The pleural fluid that bonds (surface tension) the visceral and parietal pleurae together is broken by air.

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law?

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following except

a drop in tidal volume.

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,

a person would stop breathing.

While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe is probably suffering from

a pneumothorax.

An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as

acute epiglottitis.

If the production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells is inadequate, which of these changes is expected?

alveolar collapse, increased surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface, and increased inspiratory effort

The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the

alveoli

Air that remains in conducting passages and doesn't participate in gas exchange is termed

anatomic dead space.

An elastic ________ ligament and the ________ muscle connect the ends of tracheal cartilage.

anular; trachealis

The most superior portion of the lung is called the

apex

What would be the immediate effect of damage to the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)?

apnea (no breathing)

Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.

apneustic

Which of these is one of the paired cartilages of the larynx?

arytenoid

The basic pattern of breathing is established by the __________ located in the __________.

dorsal respiratory group; medulla oblongata

Asthma is

due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles.

When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration?

during external respiration

When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of

elastic rebound.

Which of these factors does not affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

electrolyte balance

The term hypercapnia refers to

elevated PCO2.

The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called

emphysema

Total alveolar surface area is reduced in

emphysema

Which of the following would be the oxygen pressure entering and leaving this capillary?

entering Po2 40 mm Hg, leaving Po2 100 mm Hg

The flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the larynx is called the

epiglottis

The laryngeal cartilage which is not composed of hyaline cartilage is the

epiglottis

Dalton's law states that

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

All of the following are changes we can expect to see in respiratory performances as we age EXCEPT a(an) __________.

increase in lung compliance

Which of the following is not an age-related change in respiratory performance?

increased respiratory minute volume

Which of these changes will DECREASE the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?

increased thickness of the respiratory membrane

During quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle.

internal intercostal

All these muscles participate in inhalation EXCEPT __________.

internal intercostals

The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through a connection known as the

internal nares.

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

internal respiration.

After blood becomes oxygenated,

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because

large masses of food can move through the esophagus.

The thyroid cartilage is also called the

laryngeal prominence and Adam's apple.

The vocal folds are located within the

larynx

Which of these is not part of the upper respiratory system?

larynx

Which of these structures is located outside the upper respiratory system?

larynx

Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch?

left lung

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is

less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.

The apneustic centers of the pons

provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.

What type of epithelium lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a traveling clot or similar obstruction is

pulmonary embolism.

The physical movement of air into and out of lungs is termed

pulmonary ventilation.

During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?

rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles

External respiration includes all of these processes EXCEPT __________.

release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells

The nasal mucosa performs all of the following functions EXCEPT __________.

resist abrasion

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases.

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

they are equal.

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

thick secretions that are difficult to transport.

A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

The inspiratory capacity is a total of what two pulmonary volumes?

tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the

trachea.

Which of these is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

transport RBCs (red blood cells) to the tissues