Chapter 3
It is estimated that ___ of the illegal drug supply I the United Stated is seized by federal agencies every year
10 to 15 percent
___, who became the first commissioner of the Bureau of Narcotics in 1932, was known as the first "drug czar" and had almost total control of the federal effort in drug education, prevention, treatment, and enforcement for 30 years until 1962
Harry Anslinger
What is otherwise known as "An Act to provide for the registration of, with collectors or internal revenue, and to impose a special tax upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, or give away opium or coco leaves, their salts, derivatives, or preparations, and for other purposes?"
The Harrison Act of 1914
Rank the following in the United States in the order in which they were implemented, beginning with the first to be implemented.
The regulation of pharmaceutical manufacturing and sales The regulation of opioids and cocaine The prohibition of alcohol
Why were morphine and heroin popular among lower-class opium users when states and municipalities in the United States began to outlaw opium dens?
They were readily available and imexpensive
True or false: Increased drug-control by federal agencies curtail the individual freedom of American citizens
True
True or false: The broadest impact on drug use in the United States during the late 19th century and early 20th century came from the widespread legal distribution of patient medicines, which were dispensed by traveling peddlers and were readily available at local stores for self-medication
True
In 1986, President Reagan first declared that random urine test for drugs should be performed on all _______
federal employees in sensitive jobs
The introduction of ___ by the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act has contributed greatly to a huge growth in prison populations over the past 20 years
longer sentences, mandatory minimums, and no-parole provisions
___ is a narcotic and the primary active chemical in opium from which heroin is derived
morphine
According to the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, a company had to submit a(n) ______ ______ _____ (NDA) to the FDA that included "full reports of investigation which have been made to show whether or not a drugs safe for use," which had to be approved before the drug could be marketed
new drug application
According to the 1956 Narcotic Drug Control Act, anyone caught ___ could receive the death penalty
selling heroin to a person younger than 18
Although the basic categorization of illicit drugs in scheduled is similar top most American states, _____
there are large differences in the penalties
The single most important legislation that has shaped the federal government's approach to controlled substances was the ____
18th Amendment prohibiting alcohol
What were the provisions added by the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments to federal law? (Check all that apply)
Advertisements for prescription drugs need to summarize adverse reactions to the drug Companies need to seek approval before conducting clinical trials on humans
Identify an issue that was cleared up by the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and EducationAct regarding the marketing of dietary supplements
The labels are permitted to make general statements about their contributions to overall health and well-being
which are the two main reasons for which private corporations adopt drug test (check all that apply)
They believe that a company will be protected against suits for drug-related negligence They believe that drug-free workers will have better productivity
Match the phases of clinical investigation(in the left column) with the type of studies they involve (in the right column)
Phase one: This phase encompasses studies relatively low doses of a drug on a limited number of healthy people Phase two: This phase involved a few hundred pattens w have the condition a drug is designed to treat Phase three: This phase administers a drug to 1,000 to 5,000 individuals with the disease or symptoms for which the drug is intended
One of the precursors to the _____ was President Roosevelt's recommendation in 1905 that a law be enacted to regulate interstate commerce in misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks, and drugs
Pure Food and Drug Act
Match the controlled substance scheduled (in the left column) with their criteria (in the right column)
Schedule 1: Has high potential for abuse with no currently acceptable medical use in treatment in the United States Schedule II: Has high potential for abuse that may lead to severe psychological r physical dependence with currently accepted medical use Schedule III: Has potential for abuse that may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence Schedule IV: Has low potential for abuse that may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to III Schedule V: Has low potential for abuse that may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to IV
The largely unsubstantiated fear the _____ was important in building support for federal drug control laws among Southern senators an congressman in the United States despite heir opposition to increasing federalism
cocaine use was responsible for an increase in violent crimes
What did the Jones-Miller Act passed by Congress in 1922 do? (Check all that apply)
it officially made the user of illegally obtained opioids and cocaine a criminal It more than doubled the maximum penalties for dealing in illegally imported drugs
Identify the reasons why the new drug application provision under the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was important
it reduced the likelihood of companies run by untrained people introducing new drugs It increased the power and responsibility of the FDA as well as its size
Many orphan drugs are extremely expensive, with some costing more that $100,000 per patient per year because of the
limited market for them
Match the impacts of passing laws that criminalize drug use (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column)
Symbolic impacts: These cause people who promote such laws to gain immediate social status by being identified with political power and as supporting goodness, morality, and decency Instrumental impacts: These refer to the consequences to those affected by the implementation of such laws, including those who are arrested and their families, and those who livelihood depend upon the implementation of those laws
When the United States imported Chinese workers after the Civil War ended, mainly to help build the rapidly expanding railroads, what did some of them bring with them
The habit of smoking opium
During the period after the Civil War in the United States, concerns about drunkenness, crimes, drug misuse, and other forms of deviant behavior came to be associated with
minority racial groups
when 107 people in the United States dies in 1937 from taking Elixir Sulfanilamide containing diethylene glycol that use kidney poisoning, why was the federal government unusable to intervene on the grounds that the mixture was toxic
There was no legal requirement that medicine be safe
Identify the important classes of drug laws (Check all that apply)
A group of laws that regulated the practices of entities that manufacture or dispense legal drugs A group of laws that has results in the criminalization of certain types of drug use, possession, and sales
In 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act required habit-forming ingredients to be clearly listed on a drug's label, but
there were no other federal restrictions on the sale and purchase of drugs
Match the departments in the United States government (in the left column) with the kinds of laws they administered by 1914 (in the right column)
The Department of Agriculture: It administered a law aimed at ensuring that drugs were pure and honestly labeled The Treasury Department: It was responsible for taxing alcohol, and it would later be responsible for encoring Prohibition
Match the department (in the left column) with the responsibility allocated to them by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (in the right column)
The Department of Health, education, and Welfare: This was given funding for drug-related research, treatment, and prevention efforts The Department's Drug Enforcement Agency: This was given responsibility for controlling certain drugs directly rather than trough tax or interstate commerce laws
Identify the cost involved in drug-control enforcement by federal agencies (Check all that apply)
The incalculable price of placing federal agents in danger of losing their lives to combat the drug trade The cost of housing drug-law violations in state prisons and local jails The cost of crimes committed to purchase drugs at black-market prices
How were physicians, dentist, and veterinary surgeons affected by the Harrison Act of 1914?
They had to register to be potential lawful distributors of opioids and cocaine
Match the drug testing methods (in the left column) with the number of days up to which they can detect drug use (in the right column)
Urine testing: It can detect most kinds of drugs for up to three days, but it can also detect frequently used drugs for a couple of weeks after the last dose Hair testing: It can detect drug use for up to 90 days and is more capable of detecting occasional drug use than other methods Saliva testing: It can only be detected fairly recent drug use, up to one day, in most cases
The United States is providing increased military aid in the form of helicopters, defensive weapons, uniforms, and other supplies to be used in combating drug trafficking only to countries that ____
d not engage in a consistent pattern of grade violations of human rights
In the 1965 Drug Abuse Control amendments referred to amphetamines, barbiturates, and hallucinogens as ____
dangerous drugs
By 1928, individuals sentenced for ____ comprised one-third of the total population in federal prisons in the United States
drug violations
One of the major concerns of the U.S. Senate in the late 1950s was that some of the most widely sold over-the-counter medicines were probably _____, and there was no law against this
ineffective
The first groups of American students to be widely subjected to urine screening for drugs were those
involved in a team sport
What did the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act achieve by regulating interstate commerce
it brought the federal government full force into the drug marketplace
According to the 1906Pure Food and Drug Act, misbranding referred ___
only to labels, not to vernal advertising
In the early 1800s, the most reliable and effective medicine of medical doctors, used for a variety of conditions but most notable as a pain reliever, was
opium
Until the 1920s, following the passage of the Harrison Act, most users of opioids continued to receive them legally through ____
private physicians or ruble clinic
In the early 1900s, Dr. Hamilton Wright, the father of the American narcotics laws, decided the United Stated cold gain favored trading status with China by leading international efforts to _____
reduce opium importation
Early enforcements efforts of the Harrison Act, prior to 1920s, focused on _____
smugglers and opium dens
After determine that many violations of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act were unintentional the FDA began developing assay techniques for various chemicals and products and collaborated extensively with ___ to improve standards
the pharmaceutical industry
After the Narcotics Division in the United States arrestees around 25,000 physicians between 1919 and 1929 for supplying opioids and cocaine to dependent users,
there was no legal way to obtain these drugs then
In 1912, the United States Food and Drug Administration tested products and pursued any that _____
were adulterated or didn't properly list ant important ingredients
According to the Harrison Act of 1914, physicians
were still free to prescribe heroin, cocaine, or any other available drug
When does a pharmaceutical company, desiring to introduce a new drug, supply to the FDS a "Notice of Claimed Investigational Exemption for a New Drug" (IND)
when it is ready to study the effects of a compound one humans
