Chapter 3

Which of the following is not one of the general conditions of a federal system? Each unit of government is in position to exert leverage over the others. The same people and territory are included in both levels of government. Each level of government must have identical powers to foster the greatest possible competition. The Constitution protects units at each level of government from encroachment by the other units.

Each level of government must have identical powers to foster the greatest possible competition.

Today's constitutional litigation over federalism typically concerns which of the following direct efforts? Efforts by state governments to impose policy on the federal government Efforts by citizens to control the actions of other citizens Efforts by local governments to force state compliance with state law Efforts by the federal government to regulate the activities of state and local governments and their employees

Efforts by the federal government to regulate the activities of state and local governments and their employees

Which amendment provides the most explicit endorsement of federalism found in the Constitution? First Fourth Fifth Tenth

Tenth

Article IV of the Constitution requires that the national government ensure which of the following? That all states adhere to a republican form of government That all states adhere to a form of government that is best described as direct democracy That all states have a bicameral system at the state level that includes proportional representation That all states have a bicameral system at the state level that includes a geographically based representation such as the Senate

That all states adhere to a republican form of government

The Constitution opened the door to nationalization by granting the federal government ultimate power to determine within certain bounds which of the following? The extent of its authority over the states Local zoning issues The manner in which local elections are run Education policy

The extent of its authority over the states

The New Deal was innovative primarily because of which of the following? Its substantive policy initiatives Its size and scope Its reliance on the gold standard Its restructuring of some state geographical boundaries

Its size and scope

In the nineteenth century, the Senate had both the motive and the means to defend state prerogatives against national encroachment because of which of the following? State legislatures did not yet pick the senators and each state's representation in the Senate depended on population. The members of each state's delegation to the House of Representatives chose the senators. State legislatures picked the senators and each state had equal representation in the Senate regardless of population. Senators were popularly elected.

State legislatures picked the senators and each state had equal representation in the Senate regardless of population.

The size of state and local governments has remained the same over time because they perform a limited number of functions. only increased in the most populous states to account for the increased demand for services. is bigger than it ever has been as a result of the nationalizing thrust of the New Deal. have shrunk dramatically as the federal government provides many more services than state and local governments.

is bigger than it ever has been as a result of the nationalizing thrust of the New Deal.

One of the consequences in the Supreme Court's decision in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) was upholding the requirement of the Affordable Care Act that the states expand their Medicaid programs. it gave state leaders new policy discretion on expanding Medicaid as they could accept the money from the federal government if they wanted, but the federal government could not force an expansion of the program. the Court ruled that the individual mandate was unconstitutional, but the states had to offer affordable health insurance to all residents. striking down the minimal requirements for health plans because it violated the commerce clause of the Constitution.

it gave state leaders new policy discretion on expanding Medicaid as they could accept the money from the federal government if they wanted, but the federal government could not force an expansion of the program.

Which of the following statements about preemption legislation is accurate? Congress has passed few laws extending its power and preferred to rely on Supreme Court decisions to extend the sphere of sovereignty for the national government. While Congress has steadily increased the number of laws substituting federal policy for the states, the federal government is also more likely to join with the states in formulating policy. It allows the states to pass bills creating a sphere of sovereignty immune from any interference by the federal government. These are bills the President writes that must be approved by the Supreme Court to limit congressional activities.

While Congress has steadily increased the number of laws substituting federal policy for the states, the federal government is also more likely to join with the states in formulating policy.

Which clause has the federal government utilized to expand its jurisdiction over policymaking as the scope of economic transactions has increased? Commerce Supremacy Advice and consent Necessary and proper

Commerce

Under the Articles of Confederation, each state was free to conduct its own international trade policy. This meant which of the following? Foreign governments and merchants could exploit competition among the states to negotiate profitable trade agreements. States could exploit competition among themselves to negotiate profitable trade agreements with other states. Foreign governments rarely traded with the states. Foreign governments and merchants could not exploit competition among the states or easily negotiate profitable trade agreements.

Foreign governments and merchants could exploit competition among the states to negotiate profitable trade agreements.

National campaigns for legislation banning automatic weapons, regulating hazardous waste disposal, and mandating special education are all examples of which of the following? Instances in which national issues have been strategically shifted to the states by their advocates Instances in which state issues have been strategically shifted to Washington, D.C., by their advocates Instances in which Madison's conception of pluralism is clearly shown to be wrong Instances in which the House of Representatives' role in lawmaking has been irrelevant

Instances in which state issues have been strategically shifted to Washington, D.C., by their advocates

Under what circumstances could Congress destroy an established state by, for example, cutting it in half to create a new state? By a two-thirds vote Only with the consent of the established state Only if all existing states agree to the establishment of the new state As long as the Supreme Court concurs

Only with the consent of the established state

The experience surrounding the creation and adoption of Common Core standards illustrates which of the following? The national government has the ability to implement a single set of educational standards in order to provide benefits for the country. President Obama's administration offered grant money to the states if they adopted common learning goals. Policies change, and the standards outlined in Common Core have been replaced by those contained in the No Child Left Behind program. The federal government has few incentives to encourage the states to adopt the new standards.

President Obama's administration offered grant money to the states if they adopted common learning goals.

When members of Congress pass a law that obligates states to provide particular services, they are doing which of the following? Acting outside of their constitutional role Engaging in an effort to strengthen the underlying federalism of the system Simply following the will of the state legislatures Responding to some citizens' demands without being held responsible for imposing the costs on others

Responding to some citizens' demands without being held responsible for imposing the costs on others

Who is the ultimate arbiter of controversies involving American federalism? The President of the United States The U.S. Congress The U.S. Supreme Court The U.S. Department of the Interior

The U.S. Supreme Court

In the case of McCulloch v. Maryland, Chief Justice John Marshall upheld the right of the national government to create a bank based on which of the following? The authority to create the bank was expressly enumerated as a governmental power in the Constitution. The elastic clause in the Constitution His hostility to the Federalist view of government relations Maryland's previous waiver of its sovereign right to prohibit the bank's establishment

The elastic clause in the Constitution

Why did the efforts to partition federal and state responsibilities into separate and self-contained spheres fail? It was impossible to maintain any kind of balance so it was easier to allow the national government to handle all policies. Perceptions of inequality generated by different policies resulted in a move to more national policies. It was the only way to redistribute funds collected from the states. The combination of modern policymaking challenges and the belief that the government should provide more services and solve more problems.

The combination of modern policymaking challenges and the belief that the government should provide more services and solve more problems.

To justify the New Deal's unprecedented intervention in the economy, the Roosevelt administration invoked which of the following? The commerce clause The equal protection clause The free exercise clause The Tenth Amendment

The commerce clause

The Seventeenth Amendment, which came about amid persistent and widespread charges of bribery, mandated which of the following? The creation of the Electoral College The repeal of Prohibition The direct and popular election of senators A two-term limitation for presidents

The direct and popular election of senators

Which of the following is a compelling strategic reason for a group to prefer national policy to state policy? The costs of the policy are always better hidden from the public at the national level. The national arena may be the only place in which it can hope to prevail. The costs of the policy are always more obvious to the public at the national level. Congress makes laws very quickly.

The national arena may be the only place in which it can hope to prevail.

In unitary government systems, which of the following is true? All governmental authority always rests with one person such as an emperor. Local governments dictate policy to the national government. Various ethnic groups are proportionally represented in a "united" parliament. The national government monopolizes constitutional authority.

The national government monopolizes constitutional authority.

Although state officials may frequently complain about the policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, which of the following is true? Governors, in fact, can override any action by the Environmental Protection Agency with which they disagree. These policies are little more than suggestions for voluntary constraints on pollution. The employees of the Environmental Protection Agency actually work for the states. The presence of national standards insulates environmental protection from cutthroat competition among the states.

The presence of national standards insulates environmental protection from cutthroat competition among the states.

Which of the following best describes scholars who argue that the Tenth Amendment-which provides that the powers not taken by the national government belong to the states-is little more than a truism? They are misguided and not taken seriously by other scholars. They point to the powerful combination of the supremacy clause and the elastic clause to support their argument. They rely on the Declaration of Independence to maintain their argument. They fundamentally misconstrue state constitutions and their reliance on the Tenth Amendment.

They point to the powerful combination of the supremacy clause and the elastic clause to support their argument.

The problems of pollution and conserving natural resources are examples of Free riding Agency loss Shirking Tragedies of the commons

Tragedies of the commons

In a federal system, the Constitution divides authority between which of the following? The parliament and the king An executive, a legislative, and a judicial branch Two or more distinct levels of government A unitary government and a confederation

Two or more distinct levels of government

The use by the national government of cross-cutting requirements, crossover sanctions, direct orders, and partial preemption are all examples of which of the following? Unfunded mandates Grants-in-aid Home rule Categorical imperatives

Unfunded mandates

The example of Governor Perry openly courting companies in other states to move to Texas illustrates that states only engage in competition when they are desperate for investment. only big states with resources can engage in these kinds of activities. all the states might be better-off if no state offered tax incentives, but once one state does it, the rest feel compelled to respond. that such policies are almost always political and economic failures.

all the states might be better-off if no state offered tax incentives, but once one state does it, the rest feel compelled to respond.

Many of the enumerated powers of Congress deal with federalism because the powers created divisions within the government and that protected state governments. these powers were specifically reserved to the states to protect the rights of the states. it enabled the national government to address problems the states had not grappled with effectively under the Articles of Confederation. they impose strict limitations on exactly what activities the national government can pursue.

it enabled the national government to address problems the states had not grappled with effectively under the Articles of Confederation.

When the federal government makes a block grant it will match whatever the state will spend on a specific purpose. it gives an exact amount of money to spend for some purpose. it can only be used at the local level. it is tied to prison reform.

it gives an exact amount of money to spend for some purpose.

Roosevelt's New Deal was which of the following? A restructuring of the distribution of authority between the Senate and the House of Representatives A comprehensive set of economic regulations and relief programs intended to fight the Great Depression A restructuring of the Constitution similar to the Philadelphia Convention The institutional reformation that allowed him to be elected President more than twice

A comprehensive set of economic regulations and relief programs intended to fight the Great Depression

A confederation is a form of government best described as which of the following? Lower-level governments possess primary authority. The national-level government monopolizes constitutional authority. Direct votes by the people control the actions of government. There is no central government at all.

Lower-level governments possess primary authority.

What was the largest program within President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty? Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program Medicaid Social Security Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

Medicaid

Dual federalism leaves the states and the national government to preside over which of the following? Nonexclusive spheres of sovereignty Mutually exclusive spheres of sovereignty Identical spheres of sovereignty One sphere of sovereignty

Mutually exclusive spheres of sovereignty

The so-called elastic clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution provides that Congress can "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution" the foregoing enumerated powers. supreme over the laws of the several States." necessary to enact the enumerated powers, the propriety of said laws shall be determined by the several States." necessary so long as they are based on the common law of England or of the Colonies."

necessary and proper for carrying into Execution" the foregoing enumerated powers.

American federalism is which of the following? A three-tiered system comprising the national government, the state governments, and the local governments A four-tiered system comprising the national government, the state governments, the local county governments, and the local municipal governments A two-tiered system comprising the national government and the state governments A unitary form of government

A two-tiered system comprising the national government and the state governments

When modern state governments have encountered the same dilemmas of collective action that prompted their eighteenth-century counterparts to send delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, they have solved the dilemmas by shifting responsibility from which of the following? From the state to local authorities From the federal to state authorities From the state to federal authorities From the local to state authorities

From the state to federal authorities

______ occurs when national and state governments jointly supply services to the citizenry. Shared federalism Consociationalism Unitary government Nullification

Shared federalism

The passage of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act, which standardized state driver's licenses for interstate truckers, is an example of the federal government doing which of the following? Continuing to import legal solutions from Great Britain Rewriting regulations to satisfy special interest groups at the expense of good policy for the people as a whole Interfering in local law enforcement against the wishes of the regulated states Solving a coordination problem among the states

Solving a coordination problem among the states

Federalism presents opportunities for two kinds of majorities to pursue their interests in competition with each other. These majorities are which of the following? Consociational and bicameral State and national Local and regional State and regional

State and national

The original intent of the supremacy clause was to ensure which of the following? The national government would prevail over states when both governments were acting in a constitutionally correct manner. The state governments would prevail over the traditional areas of state concern such as crime and education. The Supreme Court had the final say on what is or is not constitutionally permitted. The President was the supreme commander of the military.

The national government would prevail over states when both governments were acting in a constitutionally correct manner.

Which of the following is true about the states and amending the Constitution? The states may never be involved with amending the federal Constitution. The states may amend the federal Constitution without consultation or communication with Congress. The states may petition Congress to convene a constitutional convention for the purposes of proposing constitutional amendments, so long as two-thirds of the states are part of the petition. The states may amend the federal Constitution so long as the executive agrees with the proposed amendment.

The states may petition Congress to convene a constitutional convention for the purposes of proposing constitutional amendments, so long as two-thirds of the states are part of the petition.

Which of the following is true about the Supreme Court case United States v. Lopez and the Court's overturning of the Violence Against Women Act? They have not seriously undermined the extensive authority nationalization has thrust on the federal government. They continue the Supreme Court's long history of stripping away state prerogatives. They directly conflict with the Supreme Court's rulings regarding the Gun-Free School Zones Act. They suggest that the Supreme Court is seeking to remove the last semblance of state independence in federal-state relations

They have not seriously undermined the extensive authority nationalization has thrust on the federal government.

As Madison points out in Federalist No. 10, since the states and the national government combine the citizenry's preferences into different groupings, the two levels of government do which of the following? They usually adopt almost identical policies to address the same problem. They are always responsive to the same coalitions of people. They may adopt different, even opposite, policies to address the same problem. They operate in an unequal way; the states can leave all of the difficult decision making about policy to the federal government.

They may adopt different, even opposite, policies to address the same problem.

The net effect of the Supreme Court decisions in McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden was reversing its ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland. protecting the policy responsibilities of the states via the Tenth Amendment. restructuring the meaning of the Seventeenth Amendment. creating a powerful precedent that allowed future national policy to develop free of the constraints of state prerogatives.

creating a powerful precedent that allowed future national policy to develop free of the constraints of state prerogatives.

Supporters of states' rights argue that decentralization of authority leads to greater government innovation and policies that better suit the preferences of the residents of each state. greater centralization is essential because it is hard to govern a nation like the United States, and problems often extend across state borders. the federal government should have the ability to veto policies that have negative effects on neighboring states. the only solution for fixing the problems in the United States is returning to a confederation.

decentralization of authority leads to greater government innovation and policies that better suit the preferences of the residents of each state.

Local governments in the United States do not exercise independent, constitutional authority because they are not mentioned in the Constitution. were protected in the Constitution because of arguments the Antifederalists made about democracy working best at the local level. have little actual policymaking responsibility in the United States and are merely ceremonial. were abolished in the Constitution to create consistent policies across the country.

do not exercise independent, constitutional authority because they are not mentioned in the Constitution.

While supporters of policies often try to move decision making to the national level, recent developments surrounding abortion rights and gun rights illustrate that groups losing at the national level seek smaller victories in states where they enjoy majority support. only the Supreme Court can determine the scope of public policies. supporters of these rights have tried to move the fights to the national level so there would be consistent rights for all Americans. these are issues that require a coordinated response so the country must have a one-size-fits-all policy.

groups losing at the national level seek smaller victories in states where they enjoy majority support.

Debates over federalism were fully resolved by the Civil War that established the supremacy of the national government over the states. were fully resolved in the U.S. Constitution with the broad grant of powers to the national government. have not been fully resolved as debates over the Affordable Care Act, the legalization of marijuana, and recognition of same-sex marriages demonstrate. have not been fully resolved because the states are increasingly unwilling to follow guidelines issued by the federal government.

have not been fully resolved as debates over the Affordable Care Act, the legalization of marijuana, and recognition of same-sex marriages demonstrate.

The Supreme Court has gained increased power by overruling state laws inimical with the Bill of Rights, and this expanded the authority of the national government. frequently ruling policies created in the states conflict with the enumerated powers of Congress. protecting unilateral presidential action allowing the President to determine which agencies should receive grants. serving as an impartial referee when resolving disputes between the states and the national government.

overruling state laws inimical with the Bill of Rights, and this expanded the authority of the national government.

Matching grants create a moral hazard because the states will only receive a fixed amount of money and must find their own dollars if they want to expand programs. the people responsible for managing the program will be tempted to redirect to favored activities instead of the specified activities. the federal government must raise taxes to pay for the long-term commitments embodied in these programs. people may behave differently or take more risks because they do not have to pay all of the costs of their actions.

people may behave differently or take more risks because they do not have to pay all of the costs of their actions.

The grant money provided through programs created under the Great Society allowed the states to spend the money as they saw fit. gave the states latitude on spending money but required the submission of annual reports documenting program successes. required state and local authorities to follow detailed programmatic guidelines prescribing how the funds were supposed to be spent. allowed the state to decide whether they would administer the programs or allow the national government to take responsibility.

required state and local authorities to follow detailed programmatic guidelines prescribing how the funds were supposed to be spent.

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal and Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty are both examples of election platform slogans that did not result in policy changes. sudden bursts of national policymaking in which the federal government assumed jurisdiction over public policy once reserved to the states. federal responses to foreign policy decisions by state executives. Republican Party initiatives undertaken after Hoover left office.

sudden bursts of national policymaking in which the federal government