chapter 3: drug policy

the single most important legislation that has shaped the federal government's approach to controlled substances was the _____ 1) 18th amendment prohibiting alcohol 2) 1936 food, drug, and cosmetic act 3) 1962 kefauver-harris amendment 4) 1st pure food and drugs act

1) 18th amendment prohibiting alcohol

important classes of drug laws

1) a group of laws that has resulted in the criminalization of certain types of drug use, possession, and sales 2) a group of laws that regulates the practices of entities that manufacture or dispense legal drugs

costs involved in drug-control enforcement by federal agencies

1) the incalculable price of placing federal agents in danger of losing their lives to combat the drug trade 2) the cost of crimes committed to purchase drugs at the black-market prices 3) the cost of housing drug-law violators in state prisons and local jails

regulation in the US in which they were implemented:

1) the regulation of pharmaceutical manufacturing and sales 2) the regulation of opioids and cocaine 3) the prohibition of alcohol

in response to the end of prohibition and to charges of corruption in the previous narcotics division, congress formed a ____ in the treasury dept in 1930 1) amphetamines division 2) bureau of narcotics 3) barbituates division 4) bureau of dangerous drugs

2) bureau of narcotics

the 1906 pure food and drugs act prohibited______ 1) consumers from purchasing and using habit-forming substances 2) interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded food and drugs 3) American citizens from engaging in the Chinese opium trade by exporting opium 4) cures for alcohol or morphine dependence containing habit-forming drugs

2) interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded food and drugs

according to the 1906 pure food and drugs act, ____ covered "any statement, design, or device regarding... a drug, or the ingredients or substances contained therein, which shall be false or misleading in any particular" 1) advertising 2) misbranding 3) mispositioning 4) adulterating

2) misbranding

as FDA officials investigated more and more cases, they determined that many violations of the 1906 pure food and drugs act were unintentional and caused primarily by poor manufacturing techniques and an absence of 1) dubious therapeutic benefits 2) quality-control measures 3) misleading label claims 4) habit-forming ingredients

2) quality control measures

between 1919 and 1929, the narcotics division in the US charged users in possession of opioids and cocaine who could not produce a valid prescription with violating the Harrison Act; thus for the first time: 1) the Narcotics division interfered in the distribution of opioids and cocaine 2) the distribution of prescription drugs became illegal 3) the use of opioids and cocaine was effectively criminalized 4) the federal government made drug-related arrests in the US

2) the use of opioids and cocaine was effectively criminalized

until 1912, the US Food and Drug Administration tested products and pursued any that 1) had nontoxic side effects known to the manufacturers of the products 2) were adulterated or didn't properly list any important ingredients 3) had positive impacts on health that were not specified on their labels 4) were composed of habit-forming ingredients in small proportions

2) were adulterated or didn't properly list any important ingredients

after the passage of the Harrison Act of 1914, physicians 1) were the only people to be exempted from registration to become distributors of opioids and cocaine 2) were still free to prescribe heroin, cocaine, or any other available drug 3) could only buy and sell opioids and cocaine after the approval by a court official 4) could still buy and sell opioids and cocaine without any restrictions or conditions

2) were still free to prescribe heroin, cocaine, or any other available drug

according to the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act, misbranding referred 1) to typos in brand names on products and in advertisements 2) to deceptive labels, packaging, and advertising 3) only to labels, not to general advertising 4) solely to misleading advertisements

3) only to labels, not to general advertising

until the 1920s, following the passage of the Harrison Act, most users of opioids continued to receive them legally through 1) narcotics officers or police departments 2) immigrants from China or other Asian countries 3) private physicians or public clinics 4) street peddlers or patent medicine hucksters

3) private physicians or public clinics

In the early 1900s, Dr. Hamilton Wright, the father of American narcotics laws, decided the US could gain favored trading status with China by leading international efforts to 1) decrease the regulation of heroin 2) double morphine production 3) reduce opium importation 4) step up the manufacture of cocaine

3) reduce opium importation

which sedative and sleeping pill caused a disaster in the late 1950s that raised public awareness and congressional concern about ineffective medicines in the US, causing major reforms to be implemented? 1) morphine 2) cocaine 3) thalidomide 4) paracetamol

3) thalidomide

what is otherwise known as "an act to provide the registration of, with collectors of internal revenue, and to impose a special tax upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, or give away opium or coca leaves, their salts, derivatives, or preparations, and for other purposes? 1) the narcotic control act of 1956 2) the pure food and drugs act 3) the harrison act of 1914 4) the anti-drug abuse act

3) the harrison act of 1914

when 107 people in the US died in 1937 from taking Elixir Sulfanilamide containing diethylene glycol that causes kidney poisoning, why was the federal government unable to intervene on the grounds that the mixture was toxic? 1) it had never passed legislation regulating drugs 2) there was no evidence that the people had died from taking the elixir 3) there was no legal requirement that medicine be safe 4) it was unable to scientifically prove the medicine's toxicity

3) there was no legal requirement that medicine be safe

one of the consequences of the 1938 Food, Drug and cosmetic act was that the federal law of the US now recognized a difference between ____ drugs 1) intentionally and unintentionally mislabeled 2) highly toxic and moderately toxic 3) dependence-curing and habit-forming 4) over-the-counter and prescription-only

4) over-the-counter and prescription-only

T or F: the Harrison act criminalized individual use or possession of certain habit-forming drugs

False

the largely unsubstantiated fear that ____ was important in building support for federal drug control laws among Southern senators and congressmen in the US despite their opposition to increasing federalism

cocaine use was responsible for an increase in violent crimes

what were the provisions added by the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments to federal law?

companies need to seek approval before conducting clinical trials on humans; advertisements for prescriptions drugs need to summarize adverse reactions to the drug

the most important change brought in by the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments was one requiring that every new drug be demonstrated to be ___

effective for the illnesses mentioned on the label

hair testing

it can detect drug use for up to 90 days and is more capable of detecting occasional drug use than other methods

urine testing

it can detect most kinds of drugs for up to three days, but it can also detect frequently used drugs for a couple of weeks after the last dose

saliva testing

it can only detect fairly recent drug use, up to one day, in most cases

____ is a narcotic and the primary active chemical in opium from which heroin is derived

morphine

after the narcotics division in the US arrested around 25,000 physicians between 1919 & 1929 for supplying opioids & cocaine to dependent users, ____

there was no legal way to obtain these drugs then

phase three of clinical investigation

this phase administers a drug to 1,000 to 5,000 individuals with the disease or symptom for which the drug is intended

phase one of clinical investigation

this phase encompasses studies with relatively low doses of a drug on a limited number of healthy people

phase two of clinical investigation

this phase involves a few hundred patients who have the condition a drug is designed to treat