Chapter 3

Sugar, salt, corn syrup, and citric acid constitute _____ of all additives used in food processing.

98

Mary is experiencing all the symptoms of a vitamin B-12 deficiency even though she is consuming a diet high in vitamin B-12. What might be the cause of her deficiency symptoms?

A lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach.

Which of the following are good food sources of potassium?

Acorn squash, 1 cup Yogurt, 1 cup Baked potato with skin, 1 medium

Which of the following are true about vitamin A deficiencies?

Americans are at low risk for a vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency is a major health problem in other parts of the world. Problems include impaired vision, weakened immune function, and stunted growth.

What is a GMO?

An organism that is created by genetic engineering

Is it safe to cheese with a spot of mold on its surface?

As long as you completely remove the moldy portions of the food, it is safe to eat.

How is iron absorbed?

As needed

comfrey

Avoid herbal teas and extracts made from this plant.

Which statement is true about bacteria?

Bacteria are present in our bodies and in our environment, food, and water.

The active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral?

Calcium

Which mineral is the main component of hydroxyapatite, the crystalline compound responsible for the structure and hardness of bone?

Calcium

Where is most of vitamin E found within the body?

Cell membrane Adipose tissue

______ ions are a component of the acid produced in the stomach and are also used during immune responses as white blood cells attack foreign cells.

Chloride

Select all that apply What are some strategies one may use to reduce exposure to pesticides? Multiple select question. Clean and peel fruits and vegetables. Never consume the core of a fruit or vegetable. Remove the outer leaves of leafy vegetables. Only consume larger fish.

Clean and peel fruits and vegetables. Remove the outer leaves of leafy vegetables.

Place the steps of vitamin B-12 absorption in the correct order. Instructions Choice 1 of 4. cleavage of food-bound vitamin B-12 toggle button cleavage of food-bound vitamin B-12 Choice 2 of 4. formation of intrinsic factor/B-12 complex toggle button formation of intrinsic factor/B-12 complex Choice 3 of 4. secretion of intrinsic factor by stomach cells toggle button secretion of intrinsic factor by stomach cells Choice 4 of 4. absorption of vitamin B-12 toggle button absorption of vitamin B-12

Cleavage of food-bound vitamins B-12. Secretion of intrinsic factor by stomach cells. Formation of intrinsic factor/B-12 complex. Absorption of vitamin B-12.

Select all that apply What groups of people are most susceptible to foodborne illness? Multiple select question. Young adults Older adults Pregnant women Post-surgical patients

Older adults Pregnant women Post-surgical patients

______ are made of one or many cells, live in or on another organism, and derive nutrients from their host organism.

Parasites

Which of the following foods and beverages are rich sources of sodium?

Pepperoni pizza, 2 slices Ham, sliced, 1 ounce Chicken noodle soup, canned, 1 cup

Select all that apply Which of the following minerals are involved in antioxidant reactions that support body defenses in the body?

Selenium Zinc Manganese

Select all that apply What factors in foods increase its chance of having microorganisms capable of causing a foodborne illness? Multiple select question. Slightly acidic Moist High in fat Rich in protein

Slightly acidic Moist Rich in protein

Select all that apply Which of the following agencies are responsible for monitoring the food supply? Multiple select question. State and local health departments Food and Drug Administration (FDA) US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND)

State and local health departments Food and Drug Administration (FDA) US Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Which vitamin aids in the absorption of iron?

Vitamin C

What is the name for health-promoting compounds found in animal food?

Zoochemicals

Niacin is

a coenzyme in metabolic reactions that yield energy from food.

When scientists select the traits that they desire and genetically engineer the gene that produces the trait in plants or animals, the new organism is called ______.

a genetically modified organism

Which of the following scenarios put a person at risk for potassium deficiency?

a person with bulimia nervosa who habitually purges excess calories by vomiting an endurance athlete who sweats profusely during a training run in hot weather a deficient food intake, as may be the case with alcoholism

virus

a piece of genetic material surrounded by a coat of protein that does not move, grow, or metabolize by itself.

bacteria

a single-celled microorganism that is carried by water, animals, or people and can survive living on almost any surface.

The richest source of vitamin B-12 would be

a tuna fish sandwich.

Symptoms of an adult zinc deficiency include

acnelike rash. diarrhea. reduced sense of taste and smell.

Any substance added to foods, either intentionally or unintentionally, is a(n)

additive

In North America, intakes of most B vitamins are generally ______.

adequate

The deliberate introduction of harmful agents into the agricultural and food process system with the intent of causing actual or perceived damage is called

agroterrorism

The primary function of iron is to

aid in oxygen transportation.

Which of the following are rich sources of iodine?

eggs yogurt fat-free milk

Select all that apply USDA enforces wholesomeness and quality standards for Multiple select question. alcoholic beverages. wild-caught fish. eggs and egg products. meat.

eggs and egg products. meat.

Select all that apply A deficiency in vitamin K can lead to ______. Multiple select question. excessive bleeding increased level of blood fats bruising vision disturbances

excessive bleeding bruising

A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.

false

Dietitians should recommend only organic foods for clients and patients attempting to lose weight.

false

If any portion of a pear is moldy, it is unsafe to eat. The entire pear must be thrown away.v

false

It is a good idea to take a multivitamin and mineral supplement because it is not possible to obtain adequate nutrition from food sources.

false

North Americans are at high risk for vitamin B-6 deficiency.

false

Plant-based dairy alternatives are legally required to be fortified with calcium and vitamin D.

false

The low absorption, plus the limited availability of phosphorus in foods, makes this mineral more important than calcium in diet planning.

false

Select all that apply A person who relies on vitamin and mineral supplements rather than a balanced diet to obtain adequate nutrition is likely to miss out on

fiber. phytochemicals.

Most Americans would benefit from eating more _____ because of its rich source of omega-3 fatty acids.

fish

Exceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, stiff joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.

fluoride

Which of the following is a trace mineral?

fluoride

With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.

fluoride

Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by

fluoride tablets. topical fluoride treatments. toothpaste.

A deficiency of ______ results in macrocytic anemia because of its role in DNA synthesis.

folate

A key function of ______ is to supply or accept single carbon compounds.

folate

Choose the reasons a person might choose to go dairy-free.

following a vegan dietary pattern having lactose intolerance to decrease digestive problems

Substances added to food to enhance its flavor or appearance or to preserve it are called ______.

food additives

The safety of a pesticide depends on its potency, concentration, quantity, and ______ of exposure.

frequency

Select all that apply Refining grains leads to a loss of Multiple select question. germ, bran, and husk layers of the grain. B vitamins. starch-containing endosperm.

germ, bran, and husk layers of the grain. B vitamins.

The degree to which an ingested nutrient such as minerals is absorbed and available to the body is called its

bioavailability

Where is 85% of the phosphorus in the body found?

bone

For a normal blood calcium value to be maintained despite an inadequate calcium intake, what "pays the price"?

bones

Choose foods that are good sources of phosphorus.

bran fish eggs nuts

Functions of vitamin B-6 include ______. Multiple select question. delivery and removal of oxygen from a cell breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose synthesis of white blood cells and the heme portion of hemoglobin conversion of tryptophan to niacin

breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose synthesis of white blood cells and the heme portion of hemoglobin conversion of tryptophan to niacin

High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to

brown spots on the teeth. skeletal damage.

Select all that apply What are some examples of environmental and other contaminants that may be found in our food supply? Multiple select question. tocopherols cadmium lead mercury

cadmium lead mercury

A common ingredient added to beverages and chocolate that functions as a stimulant is

caffeine

Bones contain 99% of the body's:

calcium

Vitamin K serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that add carbon dioxide molecules to various proteins, thus enabling these proteins to bind to ______.

calcium

Which mineral may decrease zinc's absorption if present during the same meal?

calcium

The vitamin content of fresh fruits and vegetables

can be lost through improper storage.

The thiamin coenzyme is particularly important for the release of energy from

carbohydrates

Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of

cardiovascular disease. type 2 diabetes.

Dark green and yellow-orange vegetables are sources of ______.

carotenoids

Select all that apply Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C?

cauliflower papayas citrus fruits

Sodium, potassium, and ______ help to regulate fluid balance.

chloride

How can you protect yourself from the following naturally occurring toxins?

choice

Dangers from exposure to pesticides on fruits and vegetables are partly dependent on how frequently a particular type of pesticide is consumed. Thus, you should ______.

choose a variety of different fruits and vegetables throughout the week

Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should

choose more fruits and vegetables.

The most reliable way to destroy foodborne viruses and bacteria is through

cooking

What is the most reliable way to ensure food will not contain pathogens that may lead to illness?

cooking the food

Following a vegan dietary pattern, having digestive irritability, and wanting to speed up weight loss are all reasons a person may ______.

go dairy-free

An enlarged thyroid gland, also known as a ______, is one possible consequence of an Inadequate dietary iodine intake.

goiter

The average intake of pantothenic acid of North Americans is ______ the AI.

greater than

Typical American intakes of vitamin B-6 are ______ the RDA for this nutrient.

greater than

phylloquinone

green plants

menaquinone

gut bacteria

zoochemicals

health-promoting compounds found in animal foods

phytochemicals

health-promoting compounds found in plant foods

Exposure to ______ can cause a loss of certain vitamins.

heat light oxygen

The multi-step process the human body employs to stop blood loss is called

hemostasis.

`Most adults in the United States have sodium intakes that are

higher than the recommendation.

Vitamin D is unique in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a

hormone

Select all that apply Dangers from exposure to pesticides through food depend on ______. Multiple select question. the type of food contaminated with the pesticide. how potent the chemical toxin is. how much and how frequently it is eaten. consumer's resistance or susceptibility to a substance. how concentrated it is in the food.

how potent the chemical toxin is. how much and how frequently it is eaten. consumer's resistance or susceptibility to a substance. how concentrated it is in the food.

Select all that apply Neurological symptoms from a vitamin B-12 deficiency include ______.

impaired reflexes eventual paralysis dysfunctional muscle control

What are the three main problems associated with vitamin A deficiency?

impaired vision weakened immune system stunted growth

Decreasing the water content of a food will ______ a food's shelf life.

increase

Multiple Select Question Select all that apply Certain individuals are more susceptible to foodborne illness because they have impaired immune function. This includes people such as Multiple select question. individuals with HIV infection. active teenage athletes. people taking immunosuppressant agents. health care workers. postsurgical patients.

individuals with HIV infection. people taking immunosuppressant agents. postsurgical patients.

Most of the body's potassium is foundinside the cells.

inside the cells.

Because thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate and promote growth and development throughout the body, ______ adequacy is important for overall energy metabolism.

iodine

Lack of ______ in the diet may lead to enlargement of the thyroid gland.

iodine

Which of the following food items provides the most iodine?

iodized salt, 1/2 tsp

Choose the mineral that is replaced by manufacturers when lost in the refinement process.

iron

During the enrichment of refined grain products, ______ is the only mineral added, whereas the other minerals lost during refinement are not replaced.

iron

Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?

iron

Which of the following minerals is the most common deficiency in the world?

iron

deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide.

iron

Supplements of ______ compete with zinc for absorption.

iron copper

A magnesium deficiency can cause

irregular heartbeat.

Select all that apply Choose the substances that constitute 98% of all additives used in food processing. Multiple select question. corn syrup water salt sugar citric acid

corn syrup salt sugar citric acid

Which food group provides the least amount of folate?

dairy

What food label should you look for that indicates food is fresh and safe, supports local farmers, and helps the environment?

locally grown

Irregular heartbeat, weakness, and muscle pain are symptoms of a ______ deficiency.

magnesium

Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.

magnesium

Consuming a variety of foods (fruits, vegetables, and fish), trimming visible fat from meat, peeling fruits and vegetables, and removing the outer leaves on lettuce are all ways to

decrease exposure to pesticides.

Agroterrorism refers to the:

deliberate introduction of harmful agents into the food supply chain with the intent of causing actual or perceived damage.

Select all that apply The names of the four tocotrienols are called what? Multiple select question. delta alpha beta gamma sigma

delta alpha beta gamma

Incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits

demineralization by acid-producing bacteria.

The Upper Level for magnesium intake is 350 milligrams per day, based on the risk of developing

diarrhea

Select all that apply Which of the following are characteristics of pellagra, the deficiency disease for niacin? Multiple select question. diarrhea. diabetes. dementia. dermatitis.

diarrhea. dementia. dermatitis.

It is estimated that 20% to 30% of the 300,000 Americans 65 or older who fracture a hip each year will _____ within 12 months.

die

Bioavailability refers to the degree to which a nutrient can be

digested and absorbed.

Select all that apply Choose examples of environmental contaminants that are found in our food supply. Multiple select question. dioxin bisphenol A (BPA) isopropol alcohol urethane

dioxin bisphenol A (BPA) urethane

Patients who take ______ may be at risk for potassium deficiency.

diuretics

Select all that apply Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin E? Multiple select question. dried apricots (1/2 cup) low-fat Greek yogurt, 1 cup dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1 ounce sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon

dried apricots (1/2 cup) dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1 ounce sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon

The functions of fluoride include

mineralizing tooth enamel. blocking growth of bacteria. helping teeth resist acids.

Select all that apply Compared to refined or processed grains, whole grains contain Multiple select question. more carbohydrates. more magnesium. more fiber. more vitamin E.

more magnesium. more fiber. more vitamin E.

Cancer researchers estimate that humans ingest

more natural plant toxins than synthetic pesticide residues.

Select all that apply Which of the following is considered a dietary supplement?

multiple vitamin branched chain amino acids

The coenzyme forms of Blank______ are especially important for the breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids.

niacin

With the highest milligrams of calcium per kcal, fat-free milk is the most ______ source of calcium.

nutrient-dense

The #1 lifestyle factor related to hypertension is

obesity

Rank the following lifestyle factors in order of their contribution to the development of hypertension (most influential at the top of the list). Instructions Choice 1 of 4. Excessive salt intake toggle button Excessive salt intake Choice 2 of 4. Inactivity toggle button Inactivity Choice 3 of 4. Obesity toggle button Obesity Choice 4 of 4. Excessive alcohol intake toggle button Excessive alcohol intake

obesity inactivi excessive alcohol excessive salt

Consuming too much sodium can increase a person's risk for

obesity. hypertension.

Which B vitamin is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA)?

pantothenic acid

Which of the following B-vitamins functions in the release of energy from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as well as in fatty acid synthesis? Its name comes from the Greek word meaning "from every side."

pantothenic acid

The pathogen that lives on another organism robbing the host of nutrients is called a ______.

parasite

Dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and death are symptoms of the deficiency disease known as

pellagra

A vitamin B-12 deficiency that results from the malabsorption of vitamin B-12, not from an inadequate intake, is called ______.

pernicious anemia

A substance intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest is called a:

pesticide

Increases in crop production and decreases in food costs are the primary reasons for using ______.

pesticides

The benefits of using ______ include decreased food costs and increased crop yields.

pesticides

Active vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium and ______.

phosphorus

Deficiency of ______ is unlikely in healthy adults because it is widespread in foods and beverages and is efficiently absorbed.

phosphorus

Found mostly in bone, ______ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.

phosphorus

Milk, cheese, meat, and bread are all rich sources of

phosphorus

Active vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of

phosphorus. calcium.

Which food sources are naturally higher in vitamin E?

plant

Vitamin E is found naturally in many ______.

plant oils

Select all that apply Choose the processes that stop blood loss and maintains hemostasis. Multiple select question. thinning of blood platelet plug formation coagulation vasoconstriction

platelet plug formation coagulation vasoconstriction

Select all that apply Groups who are at high risk of a vitamin E deficiency include Multiple select question. preterm infants. smokers. pregnant women. people following a high-fat diet.

preterm infants. smokers.

A vitamin K deficiency is ______.

rare

Select all that apply Major benefits of using pesticides include ______. Multiple select question. reduced food costs development of pesticide tolerance decreased yield increased crop yields

reduced food costs increased crop yields

As perspiration evaporates, heat energy is

released from body.

Which B vitamin is necessary for the metabolism of some vitamins and minerals, plays an indirect role in the body's antioxidant defense system, and participates in many energy-yielding metabolic pathways?

riboflavin

Which of the following B-vitamins plays a role in the body's antioxidant defense system as a coenzyme for glutathione peroxidase?

riboflavin

Deficiencies of the following B vitamins often occur jointly because they all come from similar food sources.

riboflavin thiamin niacin vitamin B-6

The GRAS list includes food additives that are:

safe for consumption.

The deficiency disease for vitamin C is called ______.

scurvy

Hip fracture is associated with _____ mortality.

significant

Bacteria are Blank______ organisms found in the food we eat, the water we drink, and the air we breathe.

single-cell

Vitamins are needed in ______ amounts to support growth and maintenance.

small

Select all that apply Groups who are at high risk of a vitamin E deficiency include Multiple select question. pregnant women. preterm infants. smokers. people following a high-fat diet.

smoker preterm

Select all that apply Groups who are at high risk of a vitamin E deficiency include Multiple select question. smokers. pregnant women. people following a high-fat diet. preterm infants.

smokers. preterm infants.

What is the major positive ion outside cells in extracellular fluid, and a key factor for retaining body water?

sodium

Select all that apply Typical North American B vitamin status is good because Multiple select question. average intake of fats and oils is high. sources of B-vitamins are plentiful. many foods are fortified with B vitamins.

sources of B-vitamins are plentiful. many foods are fortified with B vitamins.

Which plant-based dairy alternative most closely matches the high-quality protein content of cow's milk?

soy milk

Click and drag on elements in order Rank the following food sources from highest (at the top) to lowest (at the bottom) magnesium content.

spinich 1 cup plain yogurt 1 cup banana 1 medium whole wheat bread 1 slice

Vitamin E can donate electrons or hydrogen to free radicals found in cell membranes, making cell membranes more ______.

stable

Caffeine is a(n):

stimulant

Select all that apply What are the three main problems associated with vitamin A deficiency? Multiple select question. stunted growth weakened immune system impaired vision loss of bone density

stunted growth weakened immune system impaired vision

Moistness, neutral or a slightly acidic pH, and a high protein content in a food will ______.

support microbial growth

Sources of provitamin A carotenoids include

sweet potatoes. carrots. broccoli.

menadione

synthetic

Select the sources of fluoride.

tea fluoridated water seaweed

Freezing a food ______.

temporarily halts the activities of spoilage microorganisms

A diet low in sodium, coupled with excessive perspiration, persistent vomiting, or diarrhea, has the ability to deplete the body of sodium. This can lead to muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and, later, shock and coma.

true

A healthy body weight decreases a person's chance of developing hypertension.

true

Americans do not eat enough fish to cause concern about high intakes of environmental contaminants.

true

Local products are not necessarily pesticide free and may not be cheaper than food from commercial producers.

true

People should avoid taking individual mineral supplements unless a dietary deficiency or medical condition specifically warrants it because an excess of one mineral may decrease the absorption and metabolism of other minerals.

true

Preterm infants tend to have low stores of vitamin E because this nutrient is transferred from the mother to the fetus near the end of gestation.

true

Riboflavin deficiency is usually accompanied by deficiencies of several other B vitamins.

true

Sodium is an electrolyte.

true

Sustainable agriculture practices aim to satisfy human food needs, preserve the environment, and promote economic viability over the long term.

true

The Upper Level (UL) for phosphorus intake is 4000 milligrams per day.

true

The majority of foodborne illness cases are undiagnosed.

true

Select all that apply Thoroughly wash your hands after ______. Multiple select question. using the bathroom playing with pets changing diapers handling raw meat, fish, poultry, and eggs taking a bath and washing your hair Need help? Review these concept resources.

using the bathroom playing with pets changing diapers handling raw meat, fish, poultry, and eggs

An estimated 70% of cases of foodborne illness are either undiagnosed or misdiagnosed because they are caused by ______, which are difficult to detect.

viruses

Select all that apply Choose the two pathogens that pose the greatest risk for food contamination. Multiple select question. fungi viruses parasites bacteria

viruses bacteria

A(n) is an organic compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body.

vitamin

An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to support normal function, growth, and maintenance of the body is a

vitamin

Which vitamin is known as the "anti-infection" vitamin because it maintains the health of the epithelial cells, which provide a barrier against invading microorganisms?

vitamin A

Which vitamin plays a major role in maintaining the health of the epithelial cells?

vitamin A

If you consume above the RDA of the water-soluble vitamins, the excesses are excreted from the body. Which two water-soluble vitamins are not excreted and stored in the liver?

vitamin B-12 vitamin B-6

The coenzyme form of ______ participates in more than 100 amino acid metabolism reactions, including homocysteine metabolism.

vitamin B-6

Forming body proteins, helping improve iron absorption, forming numerous compounds in the body, and supporting body defenses are all functions of ______.

vitamin C

Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?

vitamin D

Phylloquinone, menaquinone, and menadione are all forms of ______.

vitamin k

Serving as a coolant, lubricant, and solvent are all functions of ______.

water

The main principle behind many food preservative methods is to decrease ______ content.

water

Which of the following are functions of zinc?

wound healing DNA synthesis

The primary consequence of hypercarotenemia is

yellowing of the skin.

An altered sense of taste and smell may be related to a ______ deficiency.

zinc

Approximately 200 enzymes require ______ as a cofactor for activity.

zinc

The chemical name for the four forms of Vitamin E is

tocopherols

The Upper Level for calcium is ______ milligrams per day.

2500

Most Americans do not eat enough fish to cause concern about the high intakes of environmental contaminants because we consume only about ______ ounces of seafood per week.

4

The UL for phosphorus is ______.

4000

The Adequate Intake for pantothenic acid for adults is ______ for adult men and women.

5 milligrams per day

Which of the following are good sources of iron?

legumes peas

Select the Upper Level for iodine.

1.1

Once scientists determine the highest dosage of additives that show no observable effects in animals, the dose is divided by ______ to establish a dose that is safe for human use.

100

What was the first treatment for scurvy in 1740?

2 oranges and 1 lemon a day

To prevent foodborne illness, thoroughly wash your hands for at least ______ with hot, soapy water prior to food preparation.

20

Vitamin C is needed for the production of which protein?

Collagen

______ programs involve partnerships between food producers and local consumers in which the farms provide shares of their harvest with community members who support the farm by working on or financing the farm.

Community Supported Agriculture

Select all that apply Choose the appropriate strategies to follow that will help prevent foodborne illnesses when purchasing frozen and perishable foods. Multiple select question. Consider using insulated bags to transport your cold items. Select meat, poultry, and fish first when shopping at the grocery store. Put meat, poultry, and fish in separate bags so drippings do not contaminate the food. Promptly refrigerate or freeze meat, eggs, and dairy products.

Consider using insulated bags to transport your cold items. Put meat, poultry, and fish in separate bags so drippings do not contaminate the food. Promptly refrigerate or freeze meat, eggs, and dairy products.

How can you control the amount of sodium you get from your diet?

Consume more unprocessed and home-cooked meals.

What is the healthiest and safest way to ensure a healthy food intake?

Consume the recommended servings of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

thiaminase

Cook fish thoroughly before eating.

Which of the following minerals are involved in bone health?

Copper Calcium Phosphorus

A deficiency of folate can lead to macrocytic anemia because of its role in ______.

DNA synthesis

Which of the following are the functions of zinc in the human body?

DNA synthesis and function cell membrane structure and function protein metabolism and wound healing

What are the side effects of too much iodine (amounts at or above the Upper Level)?

Decrease in thyroid hormone synthesis

Select all that apply Which of the following are benefits of using pesticides in food production? Multiple select question. Decreased risk of microbial contamination Increased crop yields Decreased food production costs Decreased risk of cancer

Decreased risk of microbial contamination Increased crop yields Decreased food production costs

Potassium does what to blood pressure?

Lowers blood pressure

Which statement is correct about the margin of safety for food additives?

The maximum dosage that produces no observable effects in animals is divided by 100 to determine the margin of safety for intake in humans.

Select all that apply How does the approval of food additives in other countries differ from what is done in the U.S.? Multiple select question. Do not rely on a GRAS list Harm must be demonstrated before a product is removed A more cautionary approach

Do not rely on a GRAS list A more cautionary approach

Who takes a "precautionary" approach to food additives when there is evidence of danger to human or environmental health?

European Union (EU)

Select all that apply Which statements are true about Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) programs? Multiple select question. Families or companies receive a share of food produced by a farm in return for money or labor. CSA programs are one part of the growing locavore movement. State governments run CSA programs to specifically meet local agricultural needs. CSA programs distribute boxes of nonperishable food to needy families.

Families or companies receive a share of food produced by a farm in return for money or labor. CSA programs are one part of the growing locavore movement.

Select all that apply What are some benefits of using a sustainable agriculture system? Multiple select question. Farm families are provided a secure living. Quality of life is enhanced for farmers and their families. The natural environment and resources are maintained. Large monoculture agricultural crops are grown to sustain large populations.

Farm families are provided a secure living. Quality of life is enhanced for farmers and their families. The natural environment and resources are maintained.

What is the most nutrient-dense source of calcium?

Fat-free milk, because of its high bioavailability and low calorie content.

The body is able to store which group of vitamins?

Fat-soluble vitamins

Choose the examples of how folate functions.

Folate functions in the formation of neurotransmitters in the brain. Folate works with vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12 to metabolize homocysteine.

What are some strategies used to prevent foodborne illness when purchasing frozen or perishable foods?

Frozen foods should be selected last. Pack perishable foods such as meats and fresh produce in separate plastic bags.

Which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body?

Fruits and vegetables

What is the name of the list developed by the U.S. Congress because it believed manufacturers did not need to prove the safety of substances that had been used for a long time and were generally recognized as safe.

GRAS

What are secondary functions of iron within the human body?

Immune function Brain function Part of many enzymes

Considering what you know about minerals so far, which of the following represents safe advice for use of iron supplements?

Iron supplements should be taken to correct iron-deficiency anemia.

Which of the following MyPlate food groups provides the richest sources of absorbable iron?

Protein

Select all that apply Which of the following are appropriate rules to follow to avoid foodborne illness when purchasing food? Multiple select question. Quickly transport perishable foods home and refrigerate them promptly. Purchase frozen and perishable foods first when shopping at the grocery store. Don't buy or use food from damaged containers that leak, bulge, or are severely dented.

Quickly transport perishable foods home and refrigerate them promptly. Don't buy or use food from damaged containers that leak, bulge, or are severely dented.

Select all that apply What are some strategies used to prevent foodborne illness when purchasing canned and/or jarred foods? Multiple select question. Refrain from purchasing severely dented cans. Refrain from purchasing canned and jarred goods on sale as they are most likely about to expire. Refrain from purchasing jars with evidence of leakage.

Refrain from purchasing severely dented cans. Refrain from purchasing jars with evidence of leakage.

Where should food be marinated?

Refrigerator

Select all that apply Which of the following steps of vitamin B-12 absorption occur in the stomach?

Secretion of intrinsic factor Binding of vitamin B-12 to R-protein Cleavage of vitamin B-12 from the proteins in food

Select all that apply Which of the following steps of vitamin B-12 absorption occur in the stomach? Multiple select question. Secretion of intrinsic factor Absorption of vitamin B-12 Cleavage of vitamin B-12 from the proteins in food Binding of vitamin B-12 to R-protein

Secretion of intrinsic factor Cleavage of vitamin B-12 from the proteins in food Binding of vitamin B-12 to R-protein

solanine

Store potatoes in a cool, dark area.

Select all that apply Choose the statements that explain the best way to thaw food. Multiple select question. Thaw food using a microwave oven. Thaw food overnight on the countertop. Thaw food under hot running water. Thaw food in the refrigerator.

Thaw food using a microwave oven. Thaw food in the refrigerator.

Select all that apply Which of the following is true when comparing natural and synthetic products? Multiple select question. There is nothing about natural products that makes them inherently safer than synthetic products. All natural products are safer than synthetic products because they are natural. Many synthetic products are laboratory copies of chemicals that also occur in nature. Nature's toxins are often more potent than synthetic pesticides and industrial chemicals.

There is nothing about natural products that makes them inherently safer than synthetic products. Many synthetic products are laboratory copies of chemicals that also occur in nature. Nature's toxins are often more potent than synthetic pesticides and industrial chemicals.

Which food will have a higher nutrient content?

These foods are not significantly different in their nutrient content.

Select all that apply What can you do to reduce exposure to synthetic pesticides? Multiple select question. Eat only one or two different types of fruits and vegetables. Trim fat from meat and skin from poultry. Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly. Use insect repellents safely. Choose organic.

Trim fat from meat and skin from poultry. Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly. Use insect repellents safely. Choose organic.

There are a variety of naturally occurring substances that can cause foodborne illness.

True

For a healthy 24-year-old female, the ______ for calcium is 2500 mg/day.

UL

When choosing supplements, look for the ____ label which indicates that the product has been evaluated and meets professionally accepted standards of supplement quality.

USP

safrole

Use only small amounts of spices, such as sassafras, mace, and nutmeg.

Which of the following MyPlate food groups has the highest nutrient density for folate?

Vegetables

In general, which two food groups provide the most nutrient-dense sources of magnesium?

Vegetables (especially leafy, green vegetables) Grains (especially whole grains)

Why could a person with adequate calcium intake but a deficiency of vitamin D be at risk of bone fractures?

Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption.

______ is necessary for activation of clotting factors that promote blood coagulation.

Vitamin K

Select all that apply Which of the following products are considered to be supplements in the United States?

Vitamins Amino acids Minerals

Vitamin B-12 is found naturally in foods of ______ origin.

animal

The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from

antacids. supplements. laxatives.

According to federal law, a pesticide is:

any substance or mixture of substances intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest

If a person's diet is low in sodium and then they develop persistent vomiting or diarrhea, what may happen to this individual?

become depleted in sodium

A person experiencing weakness, loss of appetite, poor coordination, and edema caused from lack of thiamin is experiencing the deficiency disease known as

beriberi

A thiamin-deficiency disease is called

beriberi

Vitamin B-12 is important for neurological health because it

is required for formation of myelin.

Achieving optimal vitamin D status is ______ consuming adequate calcium when it comes to bone health.

just as important as

Why do some consumers think organic foods are safer than conventional foods?

lack of pesticide use

During a trip to the grocery store, select frozen and perishable foods

last

High intakes of dietary carotenoids do not result in toxicities because

the conversion of provitamin A carotenoids into vitamin A is slow and regulated. the efficiency of carotenoid absorption from the small intestine declines as intake increases.

The USP symbol on a dietary supplement label indicates

the product has been evaluated and meets professionally accepted standards of supplement quality.

A riboflavin deficiency usually occurs with a deficiency of several other B vitamins because

these nutrients often occur in the same foods.

The B vitamin required as a coenzyme to release energy from carbohydrates and some amino acids is

thiamine

Select all that apply How do parasites spread? Multiple select question. through contaminated soil through direct contact from person to person through contaminated foods through contaminated water through airborne transmission

through contaminated soil through direct contact from person to person through contaminated foods through contaminated water

Select the primary function of iodine.

thyroid hormone synthesis