Chapter 31

Tc

Cells of the cellular immune system that recognize and directly eliminate virus-infected cells.

In the cellular immune response, on which proteins are antigens displayed? A. Antibodies B. Perforins C. Class I MHC proteins D. Class II MHC proteins

Class I MHC proteins

A macrophage engulfs an antigen, processes it, and presents it on its cell surface by attaching it to which type of protein? A. An antibody B. A digestive enzyme C. A class I MHC protein D. A class II MHC protein

Class II MHC protein

What is the role of perforin in the cellular immune response? A. It recognizes antigens displayed on class I MHC proteins. B. It activates cytotoxic T cells. C. It triggers virally infected cells to present viral antigens on their cell surfaces. D. It causes target cells to lyse.

It causes target cells to lyse

If you were to design a vaccine to prevent infection with a mucosal pathogen, such as Vibrio cholerae, which antibody class do you think would be most effective in preventing the colonization in the intestinal tract? A. IgD B. IgG C. IgA D. IgE E. IgM

IgA

. Which of the following antibody classes is most likely to trigger a large release of histamines and subsequent inflammation? A. IgE B. IgG C. IgM D. IgL E. Monoclonal

IgE

What Ig does an allergc Rxn involve

IgE

In the human body, the most abundant antibody class is A. IgE. B. IgM. C. IgG. D. cytokine. E. monoclonal.

IgG

Which of the following is an adaptive immune reponse to a pathogen. A. increase in lysozyme production b. inflammation c. increased flow of mucus d. recognition of infected cells by T cells E. Phagocytosis of the pathogen

Recognition of infected cells by T cells

Tregs

The class of T cells that mediates tolerance to self antigens.

You work in an immunology lab that is trying to develop new vaccines against influenza virus proteins. You've been assigned the task of making immunoglobulins that bind the antigenic determinants found on the surface of influenza viral particles. Which of the following parts of the immunoglobulin would you alter to increase the strength of its binding to a specific antigenic determinant? A. The light-chain variable and constant regions B. The light-chain variable regions only C. The disulfide bonds D. The heavy- and light-chain variable regions E. The heavy-chain constant regions only

The heavy and light chain variable regions

The term polyclonal refers to the fact that: a) a single B-cell will create many identical clones of itself in the form of plasma cells, which then go on to create antibodies. b) different plasma cells produce antibody proteins that recognize and bind to different features of a foreign cell's surface. c) a plasma cell produces millions of antibodies per second. d) a single infectious agent will have multiple antigens on its surface. e) a single antibody can recognize multiple antigens at the same time

different plasma cells produce antibody proteins that recognize and bind to differnt features of a foreign cells surface

Rheumatoid arthritis usually arises A. from the overproduction of IgE from mast cells. B. due to inadequate shutting down of the T cell response. C. from the production of antibodies to many cellular components, including DNA and nuclear proteins. D. when B cells lose their ability to become plasma cells. E. None of the above

due to inadequate shutting down of the T cell reponse

The simplest immunoglobulins have _______ polypeptide chain(s). A. one B. two C. three D. four E. None of the above

four

Antibodies: a) are produced by plasma cells. b) are made in the bone marrow. c) are produced by the B cell bound by a specific antigen. d) are produced by helper B cells. e) are produced by helper T cells.

are produced by plasma cells

. Interferons A. are released by healthy cells. B. are released by virus-infected cells. C. are released by antigen presenting cells. D. target mast cells. E. target cancerous cells.

are released by virus-infected cells

You characterize a new genetic disorder called NoReg. Patients with NoReg have no discernable Treg cells. Because of this you would expect these patients to be more prone to A. HIV. B. desensitization. C. autoimmune disorders. D. clonal selection. E. HAART.

autoimmune disorders

Protection from pathogens located inside of the body provided by T cells is known as: a) immunity or "memory" of the immune system b) humoral immune response c) cell-mediated immune response d) clonal selection e) inflammatory response

cell-mediated immune response

12. What aspect of the immune system accounts for the body's tolerance to self? A. The cellular immune response B. The humoral immune response C. Clonal deletion D. Clonal selection E. The inflammation response

clonal deletion

. Lymphocytes specific for certain antigens proliferate by a process known as A. effector selection. B. clonal activation. C. class switching. D. clonal selection. E. monoclonal formation.

clonal selection

1. Which of the following does not occur during inflammation and wound healing? A. Histamines cause capillaries to constrict. B. Phagocytes engulf bacteria and other dead cells. C. Wound healing begins when signaling molecules stimulate endothelial cell division. D. Some cytokines elevate body temperature. E. All of the above occur.

histamines cause blood vessels to constrict

In the primary response of the humoral immune system, when does clonal selection occur? a) Immediately after plasma cells are formed. b) Never. Clonal selection only happens in the secondary response. c) Immediately after an antigen binds to a B or T cell receptor. d) Immediately after an antigen binds to memory cell. e) After large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigen begin circulating.

immediately after an antigen binds to a B or T cell

Which of the following is not a mechanism that generates antibody diversity in the human immune response? A. Imprecise recombination of the V, D, and J regions of DNA B. Insertion of RNA sequences into the DNA coding for antibody production C. Random placement of extra nucleotides (by means of terminal transferase) on DNA as it is recombined to code for antibodies D. Spontaneous mutations in immunoglobulin genes E. DNA recombination events during B cell development

insertion of RNA sequences

Cruise ship passengers fidn themselves fighting flulike symtoms for the first 4 or 5 days of thier trip but recover. Which of the following is the LAST defensive component involved in thier recovery? A. Antibodies B. Lysozymes C. Phagocytosis D. Nonspecific defense provided by the skin E. mucus

Antibodies

One of the myriad proteins produced by the immune system that specifically binds to a foreign substance in blood or other tissue fluids and initiates its removal from the body.

Antibody

Antibodies are made by A. T cells. B. mast cells. C. macrophages. D. B cells. E. All of the above

B cells

What occurs during the effector phase of the humoral immune response? A. A macrophage engulfs an antigen, processes it, and presents it on its cell surface. B. A helper T cell becomes activated and proliferates into a clone of identical cells. C. B cells become activated, they differentiate, and they release antibodies.

B cells become activated the ydifferentiate and release antibodies

1. Which of the following must take place for a B cell to become an antibody-secreting plasma cell? A. Clonal anergy B. Binding to the antigen by a TH cell that has the same specificity as the B cell C. The production of IgE D. The production of IgG E. Activation of Class I MHC proteins

Binding to the antigen by a TH cell that has the same specificity as the B cell

The body's tolerance to its own molecules involves A. the removal of immature B or T cells that show the potential to mount a response against self antigens. B. the suppression of immune response to self antigens after maturation. C. the presence of CD4 surface proteins on most cells. D. Both a and b E. Both b and c

Both A and B

3. Untreated HIV infection will lead to a decrease in TH cells. Which of the following is a part of the immune response that is affected by this lowering of TH cell concentration? A. The ability of B cells to produce memory B cells B. The ability of macrophages to recognize specific antigenic determinants C. The ability of cytotoxic T cells to kill target cells D. Both a and b E. Both a and c

Both A and C (ability of B cells to produce memory B cells and the ability of cytotoxic T cells to kill target cells)

Humoral Effector Steps

1. IgM antibody engulfs pathogen 2. Clone TH binds to MCH antigen and 3. TH releases cytokines (B divides) 4. Memory/plasma (antibody production)

Humoral Activation Steps

1. Macrophage presents antigen, TH binds 2. Macro releases cytokine interlukin 1, then TH realeases own cytokines (proliferates)

Steps for Cellular Effector Phase

1. TC binds to MHC I antigen of virus infected cell 2. TC releases perforin which lyses cell

Steps Cellular Immune Actication

1.Virus infected cell presents MHC 1 antigen 2.TC cell binds MHC I and proliferates itsself

What happens during the effector phase of the cellular immune response? A. A helper T cell releases perforin onto a target cell. B. A cytotoxic T cell releases perforin onto a target cell. C. A virally infected cell processes viral antigens. D. A virally infected cell presents viral antigens on its cell surface.

A cytotoxic T cell releases perforin onto target cell

Interferon

A glycoprotein produced by virus-infected animal cells; increases the resistance of neighboring cells to the virus

2. What kind of cell does the macrophage activate in the humoral immune response? A. A helper T cell B. A cytotoxic T cell C. A B cell D. A plasma cell

A helper T cell

An antigen can be defined as: a) any microbe. b) any small, toxic substance. c) a type of antibody that sticks to a particular microbe. d) a molecule that induces a specific immune response. e) the opposite of a "gen", which is another name for a pathogen.

A molecule that induces a specific immune response

Defensin

A type of protein made by phagocytes that kills bacteria and enveloped viruses by insertion into their plasma membranes.

Perforin is a protein that is released by _______ in order to _______. A. T-helper cells; stimulate B cells B. cytotoxic T cells; kill target cells C. plasma cells; kill target cells D. B memory cells; switch from IgM to IgG E. B cells; bind to epitopes

Cytotoxic T cells; killl target cells

Effector cells

In cellular immunity, B cells and T cells that attack an antigen, either by secreting antibodies that bind to the antigen or by releasing molecules that destroy any cell bearing the antigen.

Clonal deletion

Inactivation or destruction of lymphocyte clones that would produce immune reactions against the animal's own body.

Which of the follwing statements about the complement system is false? A. it consists of 20 dig proteins B. it is involved in a cascade of reactions C in lyses invading cells D. it consists of highly holded membranes that catch pathogens E. in interacts with phagocytes

It consists of highly folded menbranes that catch pathogens

10. If someone comes into a clinic with allergies, the doctor will often recommend antihistamines. When a person takes antihistamines, he or she is trying to prevent A. neutrophils from degranulating. B. mast cell activity. C. B cells from killing target cells. D. macrophages from completing phagocytosis. E. T cells from producing antibody.

Mast cell activity

Which of the following release histamines upon damage A mast cells B. Basophils C. Macrophages D. monocytes E. A and B

Mast cells and Basophils

Clonal selection

Mechanism by which exposure to antigen results in the activation of selected T or B cell clones, resulting in an immune response.

Which of the following statments are true? A. plasma cells secrete cytokines B. Effector T cels secrete antibodies C. memoring B cells can persist in the body for several decades

Memory B cells can persist in the body for several decades

The role of interferon in the immune system is to: a) recruit more immune cells to the site of infection b) help differentiate "self" cells from "non-self" cells c) assemble to produce "holes" in bacteria, killing them d) Both a) and b) are true about the role of interferon. e) None of the above is true about the role of interferon.

None of the above

An antigen binds to an antibody molecule: a) at any point along the length of the long chains. b) at the "kink" or bend of the antibody molecule. c) only if the antigen and antibody molecule are produced by the same B cell. d) at any point along the length of the short chains. e) None of the above is correct.

None of the above are correct

Autoimmunity is: a) the cause of AIDS, in which viral antibodies attack cytotoxic T cells so the immune system "crashes". b) the other part of the acquired (adaptive) immune system besides the antibody-producing division. c) responsible for muscular dystrophy, which occurs when immune cells destroy the myelin sheath, reducing motor control and balance. d) a consequence of a body's inability to produce antigens, leading it to attack its own cells as if they are pathogens. e) None of the above statements about autoimmunity are true.

None of the above statements about autoimmunity are true

What exactly does an antigen-presenting cell "present"? a) signaling molecules that activate antibodies b) antibodies c) complement proteins d) Both a) and c) are true. e) None of these is what an antigen-presenting cell presents.

None of these is what an antigen-presenting cell presents

Which of the following would occur if mast cell release of prostaglandins is reduced? A. Fewer phagocytes and neutrophils would enter the tissue. B. Pain at the site of infection would be reduced. C. Fewer local pathogens would be targeted for destruction. D. Body temperature would be further elevated. E. The amount of pus generated would be increased.

Pain at the site would be reduces

. The fact that B cells and T cells are both clonally selected means that A. each individual can form many different antibodies, but only one type of T cell receptor. B. there are five different types of immunoglobulin. C. B cell lymphocytes change their antibody specificity to match a newly discovered antigen then undergo mitosis to form a clone of plasma cells. D. specific T cells and B cells increase in number upon recognition of an epitope. E. each B cell or T cell produces only one kind of antibody.

Specific T cells and B cells increase in number upon recognition of an epitope

The cells targeted by HIV are A. neurons. B. platelets. C. red blood cells. D. mast cells. E. TH cells.

TH cells

7. Which of the following statements about T-helper cells is false? A. They function in humoral immunity. B. They bind to antigen-presenting cells and destroy them. C. When activated, they secrete cytokines. D. They function in cellular immunity. E. They are subject to infection by HIV.

THey bind to antigen-presenting cells and destroy them

. Which of the following statements about MHC I proteins is true? A. They are found primarily on immune system cells. B. They protect a developing fetus from its mother's immune system. C. They are found on the surface of most mammalian cells. D. They are antibodies. E.

They are found on the surface of many mammalian cells

Which of the following statements about natural killer cells is false? A. They are a class of lymphocytes. B. They can distinguish between normal cells and cells that have been infected by viruses. C. They release cytokines. D. They initiate lysis of targeted cells. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

They release cytokines

Where in the body do cilia propel mucus-trapped microbes away from sensitive areas? a) large intestine b) esophagus c) trachea d) stomach. e) small intestine

Trachea

TH

Type of T cell that stimulates events in both the cellular and humoral immune responses by binding to the antigen on an antigen-presenting cell; target of the HIV-I virus, the agent of AIDS.

. Immunologists can breed mice that lack _______, in order to compare the immune response of normal mice to those that have no T cells. A. bone marrow B. a spleen C. a liver D. kidneys E. a thymus

a thymus

A child is born with a genetic disorder that impairs her ability to produce lymphocytes. With this diagnosis, which of the following symptoms would you most likely see? A. The absence of a specific immune response B. An inability to release histamine C. An over-active specific immune response D. The absence of an inflammatory response E. An over-active inflammatory response

absense of a specific immune response

1. TH cells release cytokines after the cell has bound to an antigen-presenting macrophage. The T cell then starts making a clone of like cells with the same specificity. This occurs in the _______ phase of the _______ immune response. A. activation; cellular B. activation; humoral C. effector; humoral D. effector; cellular E. responding; cellular

activation, humoral

What role do cytokines and interferons play in the innate immune system? a) alerting other cells that a pathogen is present b) recognizing "self" from "non-self" c) attacking and killing pathogens d) trapping pathogens in sticky fluids to prevent their spread e) "eating" pathogens and destroying them

altering other cells that a pathogen in present

During the chronic phase of HIV infection: a) A person usually dies of pathogenic infections that are normally kept at bay in healthy individuals. b) There are no active HIV viruses in circulation. c) An infected person can pass HIV to another person. d) The symptoms of AIDS become outwardly evident. e) None of the above is true about the chronic phase of infection.

an infected person can pass HIV to another person

Which type of cell is known to ingest pathogens and "present" fragments of these pathogens to other immune cells on their cell surface? a) macrophages b) red blood cells c) B cells d) plasma cells e) T helper cells

macrophages

The mechanisms of joining and random deletion account for only a part of antibody diversity. Vast numbers of unique immunoglobulins are also produced by A. mutations. B. translocations. C. cell fusion D. cell surface proteins. E. All of the above

mutations

Terminal transferase A. plays a role in class switching. B. often adds nucleotides to the ends of immunoglobulin gene DNAs. C. can be used to suppress the immune system during organ transplants. D. is a component of the HAART treatment for AIDS. E. None of the above

often adds nucleotides to the ends of immunoglobin gene DNA's

The three ways in which our bodies prevent and fight infection include non-specific immunity, specific immunity, and:

physical barriers

By what mechanism does a B cell engulf an antigen? A. Phagocytosis B. Receptor-mediated endocytosis C. Exocytosis D. Pinocytosis

receptor mediated endocytosis

2. Currently, the drugs most effective drugs in treating HIV are those directed against the two enzymes, A. DNA isomerase and RNA ligase. B. DNA ligase and ribozyme. C. reverse transcriptase and viral protease. D. pyruvate dehydrogenase and cyclic AMP. E. DNA polymerase and protein kinase.

recerse transcriptase and viral protease

The three important functions of the lymphatic system are: a) transporting gases, retrieving nutrients, fighting illness. b) recycling fluid, retrieving nutrients, fighting illness. c) delivering nutrients, transporting gases, and recycling fluid. d) transporting gases, recycling fluid, and balancing water and salt. e) balancing water and salt, delivering nutrients, recycling fluid.

recycling fluidm retrieving nutrients, fighting ilness

Which of the following does not play a role in the B cell response? A. T-helper (TH) cells B. Growth factors C. Macrophages D. Reverse transcriptase E. Products of class II MHC genes

reverse transcriptase

1. Which of the following statements about specific and nonspecific defenses is false? A. Defense systems involve recognition of self from nonself. B. Nonspecific defenses typically act more rapidly than specific defenses. C. Specific defenses are typically the body's first line of defense. D. The skin is an example of a nonspecific defense. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

specific are typically the first line of defense

Epitopes are A. molecules produced by mast cells. B. produced by clonal selection. C. specific sites on antigens that are recognized by the immune system. D. responsible for immunological tolerance. E. antibodies that were first discovered by Jenner.

specific sites on antigens that are recognized by the immune system

The "secondary" immune response refers to: a) the rapid proliferation of antibody-producing plasma cells from memory B cells. b) the second time you are infected with a virus, even if it is a different kind. c) memory cell production. d) clonal selection of unactivated B cells. e) the cell mediated immune system; the primary response comes from the humoral system.

the rapid proliferation of antibody producting plasma cells from memory B cells

Which of the following statements about immunological memory is true? A. Only T cells secrete antibodies. B. Only T cells have effector cells. C. There are both B and T memory cells. D. Effector cells can live for decades. E. Memory cells last for only a few years.

there are both B and T memory Cells

Which of the following is a function of helper T cells? a) cause pathogens to perform apoptosis b) directly kill cells infected with pathogens c) activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells d) produce antibodies against antigens on the pathogen e) serve as the body's primary antigen-presenting cells

to activate B and cytotoxic T cells

The polypeptides that make up the structure of an antibody consists of: a) two heavy chains and two lights chains, shaped like a "Y," each with a lower constant region and a upper variable region. b) two heavy chains and two light chains, shaped like a "Y," each with a upper constant region and a lower variable region. c) one heavy chain and one light chain, shaped like a "Y," each with a lower constant region and upper variable region. d) one heavy chain and one light chain, shaped like a "Y," each with a upper constant region and a lower variable region. e) Both b) and d) can be correct, depending on the type of antibody.

two heavy chains and 2 light chains, sheped like a Y with a lower constant region and an upper variable region