Chapter 34. Digestive Systems and Nutrition learn smart module

Which of the following are true about the structure of the stomach?

- When the stomach is empty, deep folds or rugae are visible. - The stomach has a thick, muscular wall. - As food enters, the stomach expands

The following are produced by the stomach:

- gastric juice - chyme - HCL

Which of the following does the hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach do?

- inactivated salivary amylase - kills disease-causing organisms

Select all ways that the tongue participates in the digestive process.

- prepares food for swallowing - mixes chewed food

Which of the following are functions of the liver?

- production of bile - storage of glucose as glycogen - detoxification of substance in the blood - storage of iron and certain vitamins

The large numbers of bacteria normally present in the large intestine likely serve which beneficial functions?

- protection from pathogenic species - produce vitamin k

Which of the following are function of the liver?

- storage of glucose as glycogen - production of bile - detoxification substances in the blood - storage of iron and certain vitamins

Arrange these steps in the chemical digestion of fats according to the order in which they occur.

1. bile salts emulsify fats into fat droplets 2. action of lipase produces glycerol + fatty acids 3. produces enter cells of intestinal villi. 4. formation of chylomicrons

Beginning with the innermost layer next to the lumen and moving outwards, arrange these layers of the digestive tract wall.

1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis 4. serosa

The normal pH of the stomach is approximately

2.0

Of the following, which apply ONLY to the hepatitis A virus?

Associated with feces Acquired from contaminated food

Which of the following liver conditions involves the replacement of healthy tissue with eventual scar tissue?

Cirrhosis

Reducing dietary fat intake, including dietary fiber in the diet, and regular elimination habits may all reduce the risk of what disease?

Colon cancer

Where does bile enter the digestive tract?

Duodenum

What structure prevents swallowed food from entering the lungs?

Epiglottis

True or false: the liver produces digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates.

False

Which of the following biological molecules enters the lymphatic capillary or lacteal?

Fats

Barrett's esophagus is a change in the lower esophageal epithelium that often follows which chronic condition?

GERD

Which of the following is not a disease of the liver?

Gall stones

Which bacterial causes a significant percentage of gastric ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

____________ typically occurs due to a failure to breakdown bilirubin in the liver.

Jaundice

E. coli in the large intestine play an important role in the production of vitamin _______ which is essential for blood clotting.

K

A person with lactose intolerance would like suffer from intestinal symptoms (bloating, gas) after ingesting which of these foods?

Milk, cheese

Select all of the organs that play a role in mechanical digestion.

Mouth stomach small intestine

Mucosa: Muscularis: Serosa: Submucosa:

Mucosa: the innermost layer, next to the lumen Muscularis: has an inner, circular and an outer, longitudinal layer Serosa: makes up part of the peritoneum Submucosa: contains blood vessels, nerves, and Peyer patches

Which of these are found in the submucosal layer of the digestive truck?

Nerves, Peyer patches, blood vessels

Typsin is involved with the breakdown of what type of biological molecules?

Proteins

What is a possible function of the appendix?

Reservoir of good bacteria

What structure regulates the flow of chyme out of the stomach?

Sphincter

The function of the gallbladder is to

Store bile

The peritoneum is the internal lining of the

abdominal cavity

What are the main functions of the small intestine?

absorption of nutrients chemical digestion

The enzyme secreted by the salivary glads in order to begin starch digestion is salivary?

amylase

Match each pancreatic enzyme with the type of food it digests. amylase lipase trysin

amylase > starch lipase > fat trypsin > protein

The human cecum has a small projection called the vermiform _________?

appendix

The large intestine has a blind pouch called the cecum, which is located?

below the junction with the small intestine

Gallstones can form in the?

bile

In preparation for swallowing, the tongue forms food into a mass called a?

bolus

Viewed under an electron microscope, the microvilli of small intestinal epithelial cells are known as a ?

brush border

Ruminants like __________ are raised for their meat because they can graze on grass where other crops won't grow.

cattle

Digestive enzymes are required for which type of digestion?

chemical

The first part of the small intestine is the ?

duodenum

The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice into which part of the digestive system?

duodenum

Protein molecules called digestive _________ are essential for chemical digestion.

enzymes

The flap that covers the opening to the lungs during swallowing is the?

epigiottis

True or false: Chyme moves out of the stomach all at once after several hours of mixing.

false

True or false: Food moves down the esophagus under the influence of gravity alone.

false

true or false: the majority of the solid component of feces is bacteria

false

Select all of the following biological molecules that enter the villi and then diffuse to the blood capillaries.

glucose and amino acids

Maltase breaks down maltose into two molecules of

glucsoe

Inflammation of the liver is called ?

hepititis

In the small intestine, the function of the villi and microvilli is to

increase surface area for nutrient absorption

The pancreas secrets two major horomones, glucagon and __________.

insulin

Approximately 75% of the world'd adult human population has some degree of ___________ intolerance, which can cause intestinal problems after ingesting milk and other dairy products.

lactose

The small intestine is followed by the __________ intestine which has a greater diameter but is shorter than the small intestine

large

In terms of the digestive process, the liver aids in the breakdown of which type of molecule?

lipids

Accessory organs associated with the human digestive system include the pancreas, gallbladder and the ?

liver

The organ that produces bile is the?

liver

Which of the following are accessory organs associated with the human digestive system?

liver pancreas gallbladder

The central space of the digestive tract through which food passes is called the?

lumen

The two main stages of digestion include __________ digestion and chemical digestion.

mechanical

Select all structures that increase surface area in the small intestine.

microvilli villi

Where does mechanical digestion begin?

mouth

The layer of the digestive wall helps protect the wall from digestive enzymes is the:

mucosa

A thick layer of __________ protects the lining of the stomach wall from hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

mucus

The organ that produces sodium produces sodium bicarbonate and several digestive enzymes is the?

pancreas

Trypsin is an enzyme produced by the _______________ (organ). Which digests _____________ (type of nutrient).

pancreas, proteins

Trypsin digests proteins into which type of constituents?

peptides

If the appendix ruptures, it may lead to a serious infection of the abdominal lining, a condition called

peritonitis

Food passes through the __________ (throat) at the back of the mouth and then inter the esophagus.

pharynx

The lining of the stomach contains millions of gastric __________, which lead into gastric _____________ that produce gastric juice.

pits, glands

The pancreas is an elongated, flattened organ located in the?

posterior abdomen

The liver functions to

produce blood plasma proteins

Peptidases are important for the breakdown of what type of biological molecules?

proteins

The deep folds of the stomach are called

rugae

The layer of the digestive wall that secretes a watery fluid on the outer surface of the digestive tract to prevent friction with outer surface of the digestive tract to prevent friction with other surfaces is the:

serosa

Chyme mixes with bile in the

small intestine

In this figure, at the end of the arrow is the:

small intestine

Referring to thousands of microscopic extensions found on each of its epithelial cells, the "brush border" is found in the ?

small intestine

The longest portion of the digestive tract is the?

small intestine

During digestion the enzyme trypsin produces which of the following?

small peptides

The muscularis layer of the digestive tract contains two layers of ___________ muscle

smooth

The uvula is a posterior extension of the?

soft palate

Which of these molecule are absorbed by the large intestine?

some vitamins water salts

Muscles that encricle parts of the digestive tract, acting as valves than can open and close, are called?

sphincters

Salivary amylase breaks down starch to the disaccharide

stomach

The chemical digestion of proteins begins in the

stomach

The layer of the digestive tract wall that contains blood vessels, nerves, and Peyer patches is the

submucosa

The small, finger-like projections in the wall of the small intestine, which are covered by epithelial cell and increase the surface area for absorption, are the

villi