Chapter 34. Digestive Systems and Nutrition learn smart module
Which of the following are true about the structure of the stomach?
- When the stomach is empty, deep folds or rugae are visible. - The stomach has a thick, muscular wall. - As food enters, the stomach expands
The following are produced by the stomach:
- gastric juice - chyme - HCL
Which of the following does the hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach do?
- inactivated salivary amylase - kills disease-causing organisms
Select all ways that the tongue participates in the digestive process.
- prepares food for swallowing - mixes chewed food
Which of the following are functions of the liver?
- production of bile - storage of glucose as glycogen - detoxification of substance in the blood - storage of iron and certain vitamins
The large numbers of bacteria normally present in the large intestine likely serve which beneficial functions?
- protection from pathogenic species - produce vitamin k
Which of the following are function of the liver?
- storage of glucose as glycogen - production of bile - detoxification substances in the blood - storage of iron and certain vitamins
Arrange these steps in the chemical digestion of fats according to the order in which they occur.
1. bile salts emulsify fats into fat droplets 2. action of lipase produces glycerol + fatty acids 3. produces enter cells of intestinal villi. 4. formation of chylomicrons
Beginning with the innermost layer next to the lumen and moving outwards, arrange these layers of the digestive tract wall.
1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis 4. serosa
The normal pH of the stomach is approximately
2.0
Of the following, which apply ONLY to the hepatitis A virus?
Associated with feces Acquired from contaminated food
Which of the following liver conditions involves the replacement of healthy tissue with eventual scar tissue?
Cirrhosis
Reducing dietary fat intake, including dietary fiber in the diet, and regular elimination habits may all reduce the risk of what disease?
Colon cancer
Where does bile enter the digestive tract?
Duodenum
What structure prevents swallowed food from entering the lungs?
Epiglottis
True or false: the liver produces digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates.
False
Which of the following biological molecules enters the lymphatic capillary or lacteal?
Fats
Barrett's esophagus is a change in the lower esophageal epithelium that often follows which chronic condition?
GERD
Which of the following is not a disease of the liver?
Gall stones
Which bacterial causes a significant percentage of gastric ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
____________ typically occurs due to a failure to breakdown bilirubin in the liver.
Jaundice
E. coli in the large intestine play an important role in the production of vitamin _______ which is essential for blood clotting.
K
A person with lactose intolerance would like suffer from intestinal symptoms (bloating, gas) after ingesting which of these foods?
Milk, cheese
Select all of the organs that play a role in mechanical digestion.
Mouth stomach small intestine
Mucosa: Muscularis: Serosa: Submucosa:
Mucosa: the innermost layer, next to the lumen Muscularis: has an inner, circular and an outer, longitudinal layer Serosa: makes up part of the peritoneum Submucosa: contains blood vessels, nerves, and Peyer patches
Which of these are found in the submucosal layer of the digestive truck?
Nerves, Peyer patches, blood vessels
Typsin is involved with the breakdown of what type of biological molecules?
Proteins
What is a possible function of the appendix?
Reservoir of good bacteria
What structure regulates the flow of chyme out of the stomach?
Sphincter
The function of the gallbladder is to
Store bile
The peritoneum is the internal lining of the
abdominal cavity
What are the main functions of the small intestine?
absorption of nutrients chemical digestion
The enzyme secreted by the salivary glads in order to begin starch digestion is salivary?
amylase
Match each pancreatic enzyme with the type of food it digests. amylase lipase trysin
amylase > starch lipase > fat trypsin > protein
The human cecum has a small projection called the vermiform _________?
appendix
The large intestine has a blind pouch called the cecum, which is located?
below the junction with the small intestine
Gallstones can form in the?
bile
In preparation for swallowing, the tongue forms food into a mass called a?
bolus
Viewed under an electron microscope, the microvilli of small intestinal epithelial cells are known as a ?
brush border
Ruminants like __________ are raised for their meat because they can graze on grass where other crops won't grow.
cattle
Digestive enzymes are required for which type of digestion?
chemical
The first part of the small intestine is the ?
duodenum
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice into which part of the digestive system?
duodenum
Protein molecules called digestive _________ are essential for chemical digestion.
enzymes
The flap that covers the opening to the lungs during swallowing is the?
epigiottis
True or false: Chyme moves out of the stomach all at once after several hours of mixing.
false
True or false: Food moves down the esophagus under the influence of gravity alone.
false
true or false: the majority of the solid component of feces is bacteria
false
Select all of the following biological molecules that enter the villi and then diffuse to the blood capillaries.
glucose and amino acids
Maltase breaks down maltose into two molecules of
glucsoe
Inflammation of the liver is called ?
hepititis
In the small intestine, the function of the villi and microvilli is to
increase surface area for nutrient absorption
The pancreas secrets two major horomones, glucagon and __________.
insulin
Approximately 75% of the world'd adult human population has some degree of ___________ intolerance, which can cause intestinal problems after ingesting milk and other dairy products.
lactose
The small intestine is followed by the __________ intestine which has a greater diameter but is shorter than the small intestine
large
In terms of the digestive process, the liver aids in the breakdown of which type of molecule?
lipids
Accessory organs associated with the human digestive system include the pancreas, gallbladder and the ?
liver
The organ that produces bile is the?
liver
Which of the following are accessory organs associated with the human digestive system?
liver pancreas gallbladder
The central space of the digestive tract through which food passes is called the?
lumen
The two main stages of digestion include __________ digestion and chemical digestion.
mechanical
Select all structures that increase surface area in the small intestine.
microvilli villi
Where does mechanical digestion begin?
mouth
The layer of the digestive wall helps protect the wall from digestive enzymes is the:
mucosa
A thick layer of __________ protects the lining of the stomach wall from hydrochloric acid and pepsin.
mucus
The organ that produces sodium produces sodium bicarbonate and several digestive enzymes is the?
pancreas
Trypsin is an enzyme produced by the _______________ (organ). Which digests _____________ (type of nutrient).
pancreas, proteins
Trypsin digests proteins into which type of constituents?
peptides
If the appendix ruptures, it may lead to a serious infection of the abdominal lining, a condition called
peritonitis
Food passes through the __________ (throat) at the back of the mouth and then inter the esophagus.
pharynx
The lining of the stomach contains millions of gastric __________, which lead into gastric _____________ that produce gastric juice.
pits, glands
The pancreas is an elongated, flattened organ located in the?
posterior abdomen
The liver functions to
produce blood plasma proteins
Peptidases are important for the breakdown of what type of biological molecules?
proteins
The deep folds of the stomach are called
rugae
The layer of the digestive wall that secretes a watery fluid on the outer surface of the digestive tract to prevent friction with outer surface of the digestive tract to prevent friction with other surfaces is the:
serosa
Chyme mixes with bile in the
small intestine
In this figure, at the end of the arrow is the:
small intestine
Referring to thousands of microscopic extensions found on each of its epithelial cells, the "brush border" is found in the ?
small intestine
The longest portion of the digestive tract is the?
small intestine
During digestion the enzyme trypsin produces which of the following?
small peptides
The muscularis layer of the digestive tract contains two layers of ___________ muscle
smooth
The uvula is a posterior extension of the?
soft palate
Which of these molecule are absorbed by the large intestine?
some vitamins water salts
Muscles that encricle parts of the digestive tract, acting as valves than can open and close, are called?
sphincters
Salivary amylase breaks down starch to the disaccharide
stomach
The chemical digestion of proteins begins in the
stomach
The layer of the digestive tract wall that contains blood vessels, nerves, and Peyer patches is the
submucosa
The small, finger-like projections in the wall of the small intestine, which are covered by epithelial cell and increase the surface area for absorption, are the
villi