Chapter 4
Species
-Collection of bacterial cells -Share a similar pattern of traits
characteristics which have traditionally been used to place plants, animals, and fungi into separate kingdoms
-LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION -CELL TYPE/BODY PLAN -acquisition of nutrients and nutritional requirements
Excess nutrients that the cell may store for later use may be found within
CYTOPLASMIC granules
The gram stain is
a Differential stain that distinguishes cells with a gram-positive cell wall from a gram-negative cell wall
found in certain protozoa and animal cells; can serve as feeding/filtering structure
cilia
Pili Function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called
conjugation
chromosome
contains essential DNA of the cell
plasmid
contains non essential dna
Flagella is composed of:
filament, hook and basal body these cell appendages provide movement to the cell
Found in certain protozoa and some algae
flagella
eukaryotic locomotor appendages
flagella and cilia
Polar
flagella can be found at either/or both ends of the cell
peritrichous
flagella randomly distributed around the cell
___ form associations with plant roots to help them take up water and nutrients.
fungi
Fungi synthesize antibiotics which:
inhibit bacterial growth.
gram-negative cells contain both an _____ and _____ ____ as well as a thin layer of peptidoglyan
inner and outer membrane
granules store:
inorganic compounds, such as sulfur and polyphosphate.
mycoplasm cells
lack a cell wall with peptidoglycan contain sterols to strengthen their cell membrane
capsule
layer of polysaccharides and/or proteins tightly bound to the cell contributes to the cell's pathogenicity
The outer membrane of a gram negative cell Outer membrane contains:
lipopolysaccharides and porin proteins
when the flagella reverse direction, the cell stops and changes course in an action known as a
tumble
Mitosis and cytoplasmic division result in the formation of:
two genetically identical cells.
Diplobacilli
two rod-shaped bacteria divide on the transverse plane and do not separate
description of protozoa body
unicellular eukaryotes
Photosynthetic bacteria
use photosynthesis, can synthesize required nutrients from inorganic compounds
shape of Coccobacillus
very short and plump
The cell ____ is found in fungi and algae to provide structure and support while the cell ____ is found in all eukaryotic cells, is composed of phospholipids, proteins and sterols, and separates the internal cell components from the external environment.
wall; membrane
cell membrane is composed of
proteins dispersed throughout a phospholipid bilaye
inclusion bodies
stores nutrients during periods of ample resources to compensate for times when nutrients are scarce.
Type
subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup, susceptibility to bacterial viruses and pathogenicity
ribosomes function primarily to
synthesize proteins
Obligate intracellular parasites
tiny, gram negative most are pathogens Cannot survive or multiply outside of a host cell
primary function of cell membrane
to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell.
the function of the Golgi complex.
-adds lipids and sugars to proteins -packages these proteins for transport to final destination.
characteristics exhibited by protozoa
-can move using flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia -ectoplasm (locomotion, feeding, and protection) -can be free living or parasitic
Diplococci
-coccus divides on a single plane -two daughter cells remain attached
Tetrad
-coccus divides on perpendicular planes -results in four cocci being attached as a cluster of cells.
characteristics of the nucleus
-contains nuclear pores for transporting materials out of the nucleus -nucleolous (granular mass) -DNA (chromosomes)
Sporulation
-formation of endospores -Withstands extremes in heat, freezing, etc -not a means of reproduction
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
-gram negative -Extensive thylakoids with photosynthetic chlorophyll pigments and gas inclusions
endospores
-highly resistant to heat, drying, and radiation. -can exist for indefinite periods of time -resist boiling so steam must be used to destroy endospores in food.
eukaryotic cells contain
-membrane-bound organelles -double membrane-bound nucleus with DNA chromosomes
Cellular structures that are present in ALL eukaryotic cells
-mitochondria -nucleus -cytoskeleton
Chlamydia
-obligate intracellular parasites -not transmitted by arthropods
Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria
-photosynthetic -contain photosynthetic pigment (bacteriochlorophyll) -Do not give off oxygen (as a product of photosynthesis)
Description of algae body
-photosynthetic eukaryotes -can be unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include seaweed
Functions of fungal spores
-responsible for multiplication and dissemination of the fungi. -Responsible for producing genetic variability.
Streptobacilli
-rod-shaped bacteria divide MULTIPLE times on their transverse planes -do not separate -cells continue to be attached to each other
the prokaryotic ribosome is a __ ribosome.
70S
The eukaryotic ribosome is a(n) ____ ribosome, composed of 40S and 60S subunits.
80S
structure or molecule could be used to definitively classify a newly discovered life form as a eukaryotic cell
80S Ribosomes
ribosome
Composed of RNA and protein synthesizes new proteins
composed of microfilaments and microtubules, serves to anchor other organelles, provide support, and permit movement in some cells
Cytoskeleton
bacterial arrangements of bacilli:
Diplobacilli Chains Palisades
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins (structure of cell membrane)
Fluid mosaic model
order of the phases of the cell cycle
G1-S-G2-M
Pili is found only in
GRAM NEGATIVE cells
Which cell has a thicker peptidoglycan layer?
Gram-positive
Periplasmic Flagella
Internal flagella enclosed in the space between the outer sheath and cell wall peptidoglycan
Organelles which contain DNA include the:
NUCLEUS MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLAST
Eukaryotic ribosomes are the site of
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi make up a diverse category of organisms classified as _______, including algae and protozoans.
PROTISTS
bacterial arrangements of Cocci:
Singles Diplococci (pairs) Tetrads (groups of 4) Irregular clusters Chains Cubical packets (sarcina)
composed of a series of tunnels within the cell which are used for synthesis, storage and transport of lipids
Smooth ER
shape of coccus and bacillus
Spherical ; rod
Most protozoa have a motile, feeding stage known as a(n) _____ which, in some protozoa, alternates with a resting state known as a(n) _____.
Trophozoite; cyst
The best understood bacterial cytoskeletons are composed primarily of
actin
Some examples of eukaryotic cells include:
animals, plants, fungi, and protists
examples of protozoa:
bacteria and archaea
The periplasmic space, which is found in both gram positive and negative cells, is located:
between cell membrane and cell wall
composed of a cylinder of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
both flagella and cilia
How do Periplasmic flagella produce cellular motility?
by contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion
Both the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell have a ___ ____
cell membrane
what is found in both gram positive and gram negative cells?
cell membrane and peptidoglycan
found in all cells regardless of cell type
cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA
The cell envelope is the external covering that lies outside of the cell cytoplasm and is composed of the _______ and _______.
cell wall and cell membrane
Phenotypic qualities Divides bacteria based on :
cell wall structure, shape, arrangement, and physiological traits
acid-fast cells
cells which contain a thick layer of mycolic acid or cord factor
formed of stacks of thylakoids called grana which are responsible for photosynthesis.
chloroplast
contents of cell cytoplasm
chromosome ribosome H2O
Strain or variety
culture derived from a single parent differs in structure/metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars)
division of the cytoplasm is called:
cytokinesis
Fungi ____ organic matter and return the nutrients to the soil.
decompose
Parts only found in gram positive cell
envelope wall teichoic acid lipoteichoic acid
description of fungi body
eukaryotes which can be either unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include mushrooms
helminths are:
eukaryotes whose adult forms are always multicellular
glycococalyx
general term which describes all the various coatings covering the surface of the cell
Primary characteristics used to classify fungi
genetic profile, structure of hyphae, and type of SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
shape of Vibrio
gently curved
term that describes the outermost boundary of the eukaryotic cell, which is composed of polysaccharides and is responsible for adherence of the cell to other surfaces.
glycocalyx
Gliding and Fruiting Bacteria
gram negative, glide over moist surfaces
lophotrichous
groups of flagella all originating from the same point on the cell
amphitrichous
has flagella at BOTH poles of the cell
Shape of spirillum
helical, comma, twisted rod (with hairs at the end)
characteristics that define life and living things
heredity growth and development use of energy
Fungi are considered to be:
heterotrophic
Cell forms fungi can be found in
hyphae and yeast
axial filaments
long, coiled threads provide movement to spirochetes
Pili
long, tubular appendages allow cells to conjugate to other cells
slime layer
loosely attached, thin mucoid layer protects the cell from drying out or losing nutrients
the structure of the cell wall prevents ___ due to changing osmotic pressure.
lysis
Other than maintaining the shape of the cell, whats the primary function of the cell wall, and which component contributes most to this function?
maintaining strength; peptidoglycan
contains two membranes of which the inner membrane contains the enzymes and electron carriers that carry out aerobic respiration
mitochondrion
Of microscopic fungi, ____ are filamentous fungi made of long thread-like cells called HYPHAE while _____ are round or oval-shaped.
molds; yeast
Flagella rotates 360 deg. and functions in
motility of cell
gram-positive cells cells contain a thick layer of __ and ____
peptidoglycan; teichoic acids
Cells without cell walls
mycoPLASMA sphereoplast protoplast
Mycoplasma has no cell wall, while ___ lacks TYPICAL cell wall structure
mycobacterium
Gram positive cells have a ___ periplasmic space
narrow
cytoskeleton
network of protein polymers that help stabilize the shape of the cell from within
prokaryotic cells contain
no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles
monotrichous
one flagellum attached at one end of the cell
parts found only in gram negative cell
outer membrane lipopolysaccharides porin proteins phospholipids lipoproteins
formed when bacilli that are attached end to end fold back on each other to form rows of side-by-side cells.
palisades arrangement
Most fungi obtain nutrients from decaying matter, but some fungi can be ___
parasites
Fungi can be ____ to field crops and can rot food during transport.
pathogenic
Porin proteins (upper layer)
regulate molecules entering and leaving cell
Germination
return to vegetative growth
composed of a series of membranes to which ribosomes are attached, functions to process and modify proteins
rough ER
When all the flagella on a cell rotate in a counterclockwise fashion, the cell is propelled forward in a movement known as a
run
fimbriae
short, bristle-like projections used to attach the cell to other cells or surfaces
shape of spirochete
spring-like
Bacteria cells can be distinguished by
their cell wall