Chapter 4

Species

-Collection of bacterial cells -Share a similar pattern of traits

characteristics which have traditionally been used to place plants, animals, and fungi into separate kingdoms

-LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION -CELL TYPE/BODY PLAN -acquisition of nutrients and nutritional requirements

Excess nutrients that the cell may store for later use may be found within

CYTOPLASMIC granules

The gram stain is

a Differential stain that distinguishes cells with a gram-positive cell wall from a gram-negative cell wall

found in certain protozoa and animal cells; can serve as feeding/filtering structure

cilia

Pili Function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called

conjugation

chromosome

contains essential DNA of the cell

plasmid

contains non essential dna

Flagella is composed of:

filament, hook and basal body these cell appendages provide movement to the cell

Found in certain protozoa and some algae

flagella

eukaryotic locomotor appendages

flagella and cilia

Polar

flagella can be found at either/or both ends of the cell

peritrichous

flagella randomly distributed around the cell

___ form associations with plant roots to help them take up water and nutrients.

fungi

Fungi synthesize antibiotics which:

inhibit bacterial growth.

gram-negative cells contain both an _____ and _____ ____ as well as a thin layer of peptidoglyan

inner and outer membrane

granules store:

inorganic compounds, such as sulfur and polyphosphate.

mycoplasm cells

lack a cell wall with peptidoglycan contain sterols to strengthen their cell membrane

capsule

layer of polysaccharides and/or proteins tightly bound to the cell contributes to the cell's pathogenicity

The outer membrane of a gram negative cell Outer membrane contains:

lipopolysaccharides and porin proteins

when the flagella reverse direction, the cell stops and changes course in an action known as a

tumble

Mitosis and cytoplasmic division result in the formation of:

two genetically identical cells.

Diplobacilli

two rod-shaped bacteria divide on the transverse plane and do not separate

description of protozoa body

unicellular eukaryotes

Photosynthetic bacteria

use photosynthesis, can synthesize required nutrients from inorganic compounds

shape of Coccobacillus

very short and plump

The cell ____ is found in fungi and algae to provide structure and support while the cell ____ is found in all eukaryotic cells, is composed of phospholipids, proteins and sterols, and separates the internal cell components from the external environment.

wall; membrane

cell membrane is composed of

proteins dispersed throughout a phospholipid bilaye

inclusion bodies

stores nutrients during periods of ample resources to compensate for times when nutrients are scarce.

Type

subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup, susceptibility to bacterial viruses and pathogenicity

ribosomes function primarily to

synthesize proteins

Obligate intracellular parasites

tiny, gram negative most are pathogens Cannot survive or multiply outside of a host cell

primary function of cell membrane

to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell.

the function of the Golgi complex.

-adds lipids and sugars to proteins -packages these proteins for transport to final destination.

characteristics exhibited by protozoa

-can move using flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia -ectoplasm (locomotion, feeding, and protection) -can be free living or parasitic

Diplococci

-coccus divides on a single plane -two daughter cells remain attached

Tetrad

-coccus divides on perpendicular planes -results in four cocci being attached as a cluster of cells.

characteristics of the nucleus

-contains nuclear pores for transporting materials out of the nucleus -nucleolous (granular mass) -DNA (chromosomes)

Sporulation

-formation of endospores -Withstands extremes in heat, freezing, etc -not a means of reproduction

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

-gram negative -Extensive thylakoids with photosynthetic chlorophyll pigments and gas inclusions

endospores

-highly resistant to heat, drying, and radiation. -can exist for indefinite periods of time -resist boiling so steam must be used to destroy endospores in food.

eukaryotic cells contain

-membrane-bound organelles -double membrane-bound nucleus with DNA chromosomes

Cellular structures that are present in ALL eukaryotic cells

-mitochondria -nucleus -cytoskeleton

Chlamydia

-obligate intracellular parasites -not transmitted by arthropods

Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria

-photosynthetic -contain photosynthetic pigment (bacteriochlorophyll) -Do not give off oxygen (as a product of photosynthesis)

Description of algae body

-photosynthetic eukaryotes -can be unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include seaweed

Functions of fungal spores

-responsible for multiplication and dissemination of the fungi. -Responsible for producing genetic variability.

Streptobacilli

-rod-shaped bacteria divide MULTIPLE times on their transverse planes -do not separate -cells continue to be attached to each other

the prokaryotic ribosome is a __ ribosome.

70S

The eukaryotic ribosome is a(n) ____ ribosome, composed of 40S and 60S subunits.

80S

structure or molecule could be used to definitively classify a newly discovered life form as a eukaryotic cell

80S Ribosomes

ribosome

Composed of RNA and protein synthesizes new proteins

composed of microfilaments and microtubules, serves to anchor other organelles, provide support, and permit movement in some cells

Cytoskeleton

bacterial arrangements of bacilli:

Diplobacilli Chains Palisades

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins (structure of cell membrane)

Fluid mosaic model

order of the phases of the cell cycle

G1-S-G2-M

Pili is found only in

GRAM NEGATIVE cells

Which cell has a thicker peptidoglycan layer?

Gram-positive

Periplasmic Flagella

Internal flagella enclosed in the space between the outer sheath and cell wall peptidoglycan

Organelles which contain DNA include the:

NUCLEUS MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLAST

Eukaryotic ribosomes are the site of

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi make up a diverse category of organisms classified as _______, including algae and protozoans.

PROTISTS

bacterial arrangements of Cocci:

Singles Diplococci (pairs) Tetrads (groups of 4) Irregular clusters Chains Cubical packets (sarcina)

composed of a series of tunnels within the cell which are used for synthesis, storage and transport of lipids

Smooth ER

shape of coccus and bacillus

Spherical ; rod

Most protozoa have a motile, feeding stage known as a(n) _____ which, in some protozoa, alternates with a resting state known as a(n) _____.

Trophozoite; cyst

The best understood bacterial cytoskeletons are composed primarily of

actin

Some examples of eukaryotic cells include:

animals, plants, fungi, and protists

examples of protozoa:

bacteria and archaea

The periplasmic space, which is found in both gram positive and negative cells, is located:

between cell membrane and cell wall

composed of a cylinder of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement

both flagella and cilia

How do Periplasmic flagella produce cellular motility?

by contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion

Both the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell have a ___ ____

cell membrane

what is found in both gram positive and gram negative cells?

cell membrane and peptidoglycan

found in all cells regardless of cell type

cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA

The cell envelope is the external covering that lies outside of the cell cytoplasm and is composed of the _______ and _______.

cell wall and cell membrane

Phenotypic qualities Divides bacteria based on :

cell wall structure, shape, arrangement, and physiological traits

acid-fast cells

cells which contain a thick layer of mycolic acid or cord factor

formed of stacks of thylakoids called grana which are responsible for photosynthesis.

chloroplast

contents of cell cytoplasm

chromosome ribosome H2O

Strain or variety

culture derived from a single parent differs in structure/metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars)

division of the cytoplasm is called:

cytokinesis

Fungi ____ organic matter and return the nutrients to the soil.

decompose

Parts only found in gram positive cell

envelope wall teichoic acid lipoteichoic acid

description of fungi body

eukaryotes which can be either unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include mushrooms

helminths are:

eukaryotes whose adult forms are always multicellular

glycococalyx

general term which describes all the various coatings covering the surface of the cell

Primary characteristics used to classify fungi

genetic profile, structure of hyphae, and type of SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

shape of Vibrio

gently curved

term that describes the outermost boundary of the eukaryotic cell, which is composed of polysaccharides and is responsible for adherence of the cell to other surfaces.

glycocalyx

Gliding and Fruiting Bacteria

gram negative, glide over moist surfaces

lophotrichous

groups of flagella all originating from the same point on the cell

amphitrichous

has flagella at BOTH poles of the cell

Shape of spirillum

helical, comma, twisted rod (with hairs at the end)

characteristics that define life and living things

heredity growth and development use of energy

Fungi are considered to be:

heterotrophic

Cell forms fungi can be found in

hyphae and yeast

axial filaments

long, coiled threads provide movement to spirochetes

Pili

long, tubular appendages allow cells to conjugate to other cells

slime layer

loosely attached, thin mucoid layer protects the cell from drying out or losing nutrients

the structure of the cell wall prevents ___ due to changing osmotic pressure.

lysis

Other than maintaining the shape of the cell, whats the primary function of the cell wall, and which component contributes most to this function?

maintaining strength; peptidoglycan

contains two membranes of which the inner membrane contains the enzymes and electron carriers that carry out aerobic respiration

mitochondrion

Of microscopic fungi, ____ are filamentous fungi made of long thread-like cells called HYPHAE while _____ are round or oval-shaped.

molds; yeast

Flagella rotates 360 deg. and functions in

motility of cell

gram-positive cells cells contain a thick layer of __ and ____

peptidoglycan; teichoic acids

Cells without cell walls

mycoPLASMA sphereoplast protoplast

Mycoplasma has no cell wall, while ___ lacks TYPICAL cell wall structure

mycobacterium

Gram positive cells have a ___ periplasmic space

narrow

cytoskeleton

network of protein polymers that help stabilize the shape of the cell from within

prokaryotic cells contain

no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles

monotrichous

one flagellum attached at one end of the cell

parts found only in gram negative cell

outer membrane lipopolysaccharides porin proteins phospholipids lipoproteins

formed when bacilli that are attached end to end fold back on each other to form rows of side-by-side cells.

palisades arrangement

Most fungi obtain nutrients from decaying matter, but some fungi can be ___

parasites

Fungi can be ____ to field crops and can rot food during transport.

pathogenic

Porin proteins (upper layer)

regulate molecules entering and leaving cell

Germination

return to vegetative growth

composed of a series of membranes to which ribosomes are attached, functions to process and modify proteins

rough ER

When all the flagella on a cell rotate in a counterclockwise fashion, the cell is propelled forward in a movement known as a

run

fimbriae

short, bristle-like projections used to attach the cell to other cells or surfaces

shape of spirochete

spring-like

Bacteria cells can be distinguished by

their cell wall