Chapter 4: High Renaissance To Post Impressionism (1495-1920)

The Stone Breakers

(destroyed in 1945 by the Nazis), the viewer see full Realism s felt by Courbet. -We see two men working alongside the road. Courbet saw the two men working and asked them if they would pose for him in his studio. "The Stone Breakers" was a life size matter-of-factly painted image with no sentiment. -What is important in this painting is the contrast in age of the men, one too young, other too old for the task at hand.

Abstract Expressionism

An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes. -the works of art discussed in this chapter has influenced modern day art and sets the stage for art movements to come, such as Abstraction, and Cubism.

The Last Supper

Based on the number seven, a Christian symbol hat is repeated throughout the New Testament. We see four side windows and three rear windows equaling the number seven.

Gauguin academic past

Being liberated from the academic past, Gaugin has been translating photographs, creating interesting changes that would allow the subject to become the most important part of the conceived painting. -He would execute a number of paintings with this pictorial editing of photographs depicting particular elements within the image to recreate the composition. -Gauguin's intent was very deliberated, preferring to be mysterious at times and always avoiding simple pictorial imagery for more complex universal symbolism.

The Death of Socrates

Jacques-Louis David created this dramatic imagery as Socrates is about to take hemlock and give up his own life. He is presented in a way that suggests Christ with his twelve disciples around him. Socrates is pointing upwards, signifying his belief in a creator, while his subjects are dramatically displaying strong emotional feelings towards his resolution to sacrifice his life. -David paints string lighting and yet the viewer is not privileged to its source.

Jules Breton (1827-1906)

Jules Brenton exhibited from the 1870's through the 1890's as his reputation grew with the Realist painters. -He became extremely popular in his lifetime, to the extent that Vincent Van Gogh walked 85 miles to visit with Breton, but was out off by Breton's attitude. In 1886 his painting "The Communicants" sold for $45,000, the highest price paid for an artwork of a living artist of the time.

What does Leonardo studied and how long does he study?

Leonardo studied anatomy for over 20 years, dissecting humans and animals illegally. Leonardo came to many conclusion, some of which were correct and some which were not, based on theories and ideas he felt were ground breaking during his time.

Leonardo's images

Leonardo's images are typical of the Renaissance in that his figures are static, his images are symmetrical and his colors are very cool to the eye. -Leonardo produced very few paintings in his lifetime.

Leonardo most famous portrait.

Leonardo's most famous portrait is "Mona Lisa". He began the painting in1503 and probably finished four years later. It is without doubt the most famous work of art worldwide. -He also painted her when she was about 16 years old at the request of her family. In the famous "Mona Lisa" she is now 24 years old, married to a wealthy banker and is the mother of five children.

What was Manet's first painting?

Manet was the first to utilize Courbet's ideals and incorporate them in his paintings.

What does Michelangelo felt about the Pope's request?

Michelangelo felt the Pope's request was uninspired and he began work to create something that would not only inspire the Pope but also the human race. He created a vision that would have over 300 figures on the ceiling. -painted Prophets and Sybils.

What is Michelangelo's image of God?

Michelangelo's image of God is reaching to His fullest to impart His intelligence to man. Adam, on the other hand, is in a position of rest, totally uninspired and indifferent to God.

Leonardo Da Vinci's scientific drawings

His scientific drawings include "The Vitruvian Man" and "The Child Inside The Mother's Womb".

Claude Monet (1840-1926)

Painted "Impression Sunrise", which is an image of a harbor. Monet and his fellow artists were experimenting with a new style of painting. -Originally this painting was called "Port of Havre" -the viewer can make out images but must rely on their own experiences to create the 'whole' of the image.

When was the Sistine Chapel was painted?

Sistine ceiling was painted over the course of four years from 1508-1512. The ceiling theme is that of the nine scenes from Genesis, from the creation of man to the fall of man. This painting was commissioned by Pope Julius II. -painting became an act of love, not only for the Renaissance period but for all of mankind.

The Da Vinci Code-->"The Mona Lisa"

The most famous portrait of all time, "The Mona Lisa"

Mount St. Victoire painting

a series of individual color planes that are typical of Cezanne's later style. The imagery has been abstracted down to color shapes that indicates houses, trees and of course the mountain background. -This was his style, harmonizing the color and creating the visual map to direct the viewer's eye. Note the limited color palette blues to greens to yellow-browns.

absolutism

a time when the government and the church set forth rules the people would not challenge. -It was a time of re-evaluating humanity and trying to understand its relationship to the universe. The leading Baroque artist was Caravaggio.

Theodore Gericault (1791-1824) -Painting "The Raft of Medusa"

an almost life size (16' x 24') is based on the story of a naval ship which sank while traveling t West Africa in 1816. The captain and crew abandoned ship using longboats, leaving 146 men and one woman passengers to survive on a very unstable make-shift raft.

The Gleaners

an excellent example of Millet's Realism in which he recreated rural life in the 19th century. -three female figures gleaning leftovers of a wheat harvest. -The farmer has reaped a huge harvest and now allows the old women to go in and pick the leftovers. Millet was making a social statement of the time regarding the poor remaining poor and the rich getting richer. -the painting was met with mixed reviews because the public attacked the depiction of the poor women. The wealthy did not want to see the poor struggling for their very survival.

salons

art galleries

Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)

began searching for a way to capture intense color in timeless landscape and still-life paintings. -This artist studied how light affected color but was not interested in the illusion of light, as in Baroque, or atmosphere, as in Impressionism. -he was most interested in how light changed the tone of the color in a shape or a form within the composition. His affect was a heightened emphasis on the structure using multiple values of single color, like a puzzle, to create a complex grid of horizontal, vertical and diagonal lines resulting in a sense of volume infused with vitality. -Cezanne would analyze every brush stoke and contemplate its meaning in the composition, taking many days to complete a work of art.

atmosphere

can be described as something you could see but cannot touch, for example sun filtering through the trees casting shadows on the ground, how the object would change color through the day and shift patterns as the shadow moved from one hour to the next in the course of a day. -Atmosphere was key to the impressionist goal of creating images that reflected the effects of light on objects.

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)

considered a genius, an artist and a scientist. His curiosity led him to observe, experiment and invent. -He studied many fields including art, anatomy, engineering and physics; yet his life was filled with contradictions. -Leonardo saw patterns in nature, believed in the power of human endeavor and sought to fly during his lifetime.

Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)

created art that exemplifies heroism in modern life and led the Realist painters to their pursuit of naturalism.

Baroque (1600-1700

dramatic, bold, theoretical, filled with emotion, unlike the static art of the Renaissance. The characteristic are best summed up by a darkened image with no apparent light source. The viewer has no idea what is causing the light or where it's coming from, be it a window, a doorway or simply a divine moment in time.

Judith Beheading Holofernes

illustrates a typical Baroque scene. It is a image of two women in a darkened room, presumably the bedroom where Judith is beheading her fiancée Holofernes. -Artemisia cuts off the head while her maid servant assists by holding Holofernes down. Artemisia paints with rich colors of passion that have a lasting impression.

"Vision After the Sermon" of 1888

of 1888 Gauguin created a landscape scene where we see people praying after a sermon. -The entire image is out of proportion, and the Christian subjected matter is in reality symbolism. -the distinction between Gauguin and other artists is that of observation and vision as he combines two pictorial.

"The Vitruvian Man"

sometimes referred to as "Canon of Proportions" was created sometime around 1490 and illustrates how Leonardo would apply physical and mathematical principle to the human body. This particular drawing stems from the ancient Roman, Vitruvius, who was a first century B.C. architect.

Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)

studied with both Leonardo and Michelangelo for brief periods of time and tempted to copy the best artistic qualities of each. The Renaissance period is characterized by the paintings of Raphael.

Neo-Classical/Romantic (1750-1850)

the concepts of the Neo-Classical and Romantic are harder to define because the artists favored several styles instead of one particular style.

The School of Athens

the most famous painting by Raphael. A fresco painting located in Pope Julius' personal library. This painting has all the classic characteristics summed by the Renaissance such as colors that are aloof, symmetrical composition and figures all in a precise pose.

High Renaissance (1495-1525) 'static'

there is very little movement shown in the image. -The figures are often arranged in a triangular composition. The figures are often arranged in a triangular composition. There are always exceptions to the rule, but this is a typical characteristic of the time period.

Starry Night

van Gogh's most famous masterpiece but few people realize that he painted an earlier version. -the first version painted in September of 1888 was called "Starry Night Over Rhone". -the famous version of Starry Night is a scene he painted while committed to an insane asylum at Saint-Remy n June 1889. He was unable to paint the night sky, and painted it from memory.

Jean Francois Millet (1814-1875)

was a French landscape painter who mainly painted melancholy scenes of peasant workers at their labor.

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)

was a contemporary of Da Vinci. He was an artistic genius who understood the nature of color, form, composition and how to unify the elements into a whole composition. -renowned as a sculptor, but is famous for his ceiling painting in the Sistine Chapel, just outside Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.

Artemisia Gentile (1593-1656)

was a female artist whose father had her trained to be a painter a time when painting was considered a man's profession. -During the Renaissance, women artist began to emerge, but it was not until the Baroque style that they because predominant. Artemisia was not just a follower of Caravaggio, but was an excellent painter in her own right.

Caravaggio (1571-1610)

was not a typical artist. he was a man given to fighting typical artists. He was a man on his way to see the pope to be pardoned for a murder he head committed when he was killed by several men he had cheated.

Luncheon on the Glass

was offensive to the contemporary audience, Moral issues rose from a nude woman posing for all to see with fully dresses men. -This was not an actual event but rather this painting is about artistic freedom. This scene was a very revolutionary concept which combines elements that pleased the artist's aesthetics. -This broke frim the traditional French Academic schools and was rejected by the Academies and the public alike.

The Calling of St. Matthew

we see a drunken Matthew in a bar being called by Christ to be an apostle. At first glance, the viewer could misinterpret the meaning of the painting, but knowing the characteristics it becomes obvious that it is of the Baroque style with its light coming from above Christ with no visible source.

The Death of Marat

where we see the political writer Marat. Marat, a friend of David, is lying in a bathtub with a letter in one hand and his pen in the other. -the scene has characteristics of the Baroque image that look dramatic and theatrical; light is streaming in with no indication of the source. -Marat suffered from a skin affliction which caused him much discomfort. -the executioner Corday gained access to Marat's house along with the bread delivery person. -Once inside she proceeded with her plan to kill Marat by stabbing him. -Marat was very influential with the political leaders in Paris. Charlotte Corday, who disagreed with the leaders of the French Revolution, believed she was doing her part to stop a civil war in France. -Corday killing Marat has saved 100,000 men then four days later, Corday was beheaded by guillotine.

Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)

who developed the Neo-Classical style and created compositions that were influenced by renaissance compositions in their symmetrical and statics imagery. he also borrowed from the Baroque with dramatic lighting and theatrics.

Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)

who produced colorful scenes of people enjoying themselves at parties or doing leisurely activities. -His painting "Luncheon of the Boating Party" illustrate atmosphere and the effects of light of object. Its panoramic view is a feast for the eyes. -The Impressionists wanted to guide the viewer through their works of art, and they controlled how the viewer saw the painting.

Bathsheba and David

who was the object of King David's lust. The other subject being the biblical figure of Judith, whose book is now in the Apocrypha, the 39 books King James removed from the Protestant Bible believing they were not divinely inspired.

French Academes

who were steeped in the traditional style of the past. The Academies or art schools were rigid. They dictated what artists could and could not paint and what was acceptable in the salons.

Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)

A Post-Impressionist artist and his manipulation of composition and color placement in a way seldom seen in other works of this style.

Edouard Manet (1832-1883)

A Realist painter who eventually be more known for his Impressionist paintings. He would shock the public even more than Courbet's 'Allegory' painting by creating a nude woman with clothed men in an outdoor setting.

Post-Impressionism (1886-1892)

-Post-impressionists, meaning "after Impressionism" followed in the footsteps of the Impressionists but were liberated completely from academic tradition of the past. -The Post-Impressionists created works that have less to do with reality and more to do with color relationship and complex compositions.

More of Jules Breton's life on how he was at the time.

-he was r=trained as a Neo-Classicist and greatly influenced by Jasque-Louis David. He was superior at painting the common every day plight of peasants. -was innovative at creating new angles within his images for the viewer. -At the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition n Chicago, he became the most popular artist display. -his artistic strength is that of a carefully composed composition observation towards his subject matter. This means each composition told a story of the downtrodden lives of common ordinary people.

Martha and Mary Magdalene

Caravaggio gives biblical view of two sisters in conversation. Martha is attempting to persuade her sister Mary to convert from her old ways to a life in Christ. -the main focus of the painting is that Mary's face, which is in bright light. It appears to be at the very moment that she decides to convert and give her life to Christ. -the painting has the mysterious dramatic lighting from above and a very theoretical play of emotions.

What was Cezanne's main goal with his paintings?

Cezanne's main goal was to unify the images within his painting. Every mark and every placement of color has a purposeful meaning to Cezanne.

freso

Da Vinci's Last Supper was painted for a refectory in Milan, Italy. Leonardo began experimenting with a 'fresco' base but using a recently invented medium, oil plant. -Fresco paintings are created by applying a thin coat of plaster over an area large enough for the artist to paint before the plaster dries.

Da Vinci's embryological drawing of the fetus

Da Vinci's embryological drawing of the fetus in "the Child Inside The Mother's Womb" are found in the third volume of his notebooks. -drawings were produced between 1510-1512. -His method of cross-sectional depictions were produced of the fetus revealed an understanding of the birthing process. -He began dissecting with the purpose of understanding the human form more accurately in order to draw and paint more realistically.

How are fresco painting created?

Fresco paintings are created by applying a thin coat of plaster over an area large enough for the artist to paint before the plaster dries. - The painting began to fall apart during Da Vinci's lifetime. he made several corrections but to no avail. Over the centuries the fresco has been repaired many times, and today, experts are trying to save what remains of this masterpiece.

Father of Abstraction

Paul Cezanne, created a path for modern artists like Picasso.

The Sistine Madonna

Probably one of Raphael's best oil paintings, illustrating an extreme example of Renaissance art. Many consider this painting equally as good as Da Vinci's Mona Lisa.

The Gleaners (Realism)

Realism gave way to Impressionism. Impressionists thought they were the final phase of Realism. In fact their early paintings were from the Realist style.

What does Realism mean?

Realism means naturalism, or objective observation of facts. -Realist art portrays the subject in a straight forward manner. -The Realist artist were becoming very anxious about the influence the Academies had and were struggling with how to satisfy their own desires and still meet the demands of the Academies.

Realism (1850-1880)

Realism was a reaction to the "French Academies".

What does Realist artist felt in their emotional state?

Realist artist felt that the Romantic artists' faith in emotion over reason was an escape from the "reality" of the times. -Realist convince that they must use direct experiences from life to be a Realist.

Baroque Style

The Baroque style occurred during the time of the Reformation and Counter Reformation, a time of much confusion within the church structure.

Impressionism (1870-1890)

The Impressionaist painters were primarily a group of French friends and artistic rebels who determined that they wanted to redefine art; they wanted their images to represents their generation in their own instinctive way. -they were the first group who would solely rely on the wealthy to buy their work for support.

What does Impressionist artistic set up and paint?

The Impressionist artists set up their canvas out-of-doors and painted nature as they saw it. -began experimenting with light, ad the effects of the sun as it traveled across the sky.

The Impressionists as a group

The Impressionists as a group, were always on the verge of collapsing. The Impressionist artists were constantly moving in different directions, creating a variety of images from landscape, urban realism, rural life, to everyday scenes.

What realist painter look for and subjected to?

The Realist painters struggled with remaining in the structured format of the Academies. They looked for ways to create new images concerning what they saw without idolizing the subject in any way. Their subjected would be common everyday scenes and people in their familiar environment. -The artists were experimenting with new types of images that were not scenes that had existed in previous art genres.

Van Gogh's death

Van Gogh became an artist at the age of 27 and died ten years later of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. In those ten years van Gogh created more works of art than most artists create in a lifetime.

Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)

Van Gogh's life was on of searching for personal meaning. He led a tragic life while creating many works of art that are considered masterpieces today. -Van Gogh didn't think Impressionism gave the artist more freedom to express their emotions. He was dissatisfied with the values of the industrial society and began a mission to paint as he interpreted life.

Interior of my Studio: A Real Allegory of my Life as an Artist

a completely different type of realism that when first exhibited shocked the public. there are two groups purposefully posed within the images. The group on the left is individuals, peasants, and common laborers which poverty. On the right are people of wealth, artists, client and intellectuals.