Chapter 4- Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality

What is the collective unconscious?

1. Made up of powerful emotional symbols called Archetypes. These are images that are common to all people are are transpersonal. These archetypes are derived from the emotional reactions of our ancestors that predisposes us to react in predictable ways to reoccurring stimuli.

Adler's type: Social useful

Activity: High Social interest: high Greek types: sanguine Greek humors: blood

Adler's type: Ruling-dominant

Activity: High Social interest: low Greek types: choleric Greek humors: Yellow bile

Adler's type: Avoiding

Activity: low Social interest: very low Greek types: melancholic Greek humors: black bile

Adler's type: Getting-leaning

Activity: low Social interest: low Greek types: phlegmatic Greek humors: phlegm

According to Adler, what is aggression drive?

Adler believed that drives could be directly effective or reversed into an opposite drive. Was important to Adler because he believed it was a reaction to perceived helplessness or inferiority- lashing out against the inability to achieve or master something (similar to Freudian defense mechanisms)

According to Erik Erikson's Stage Theory, what is the intimacy vs isolation ego crisis?

Age: early adulthood Ego skilled gained: love learning to interact on a deeper level with others. They are allowing others to get to know this newfound "self" in an intimate way. The goal in this stage is for the individual to find companionship with similar others, specifically to develop a love relationship. The inability to create strong social ties without losing oneself in the process results in isolation and loneliness instead of love and fulfillment. Such a person may be unable to form intimate relationships at all, either becoming a "loner" or striking up plenty of superficial relationships.

According to Erik Erikson's Stage Theory, what is the autonomy vs shame ego crisis?

Age: early childhood Ego skilled gained: Will learning that she or he has control over her or his own body. Parents should ideally guide the child, teaching her or him to control impulses, but not in an overly harsh manner. Successful negotiation of this stage results in a child who knows the difference between right and wrong, and who is willing and able to choose "right" most of the time. Overly controlling and punitive parenting results in feelings of "I'm always bad . . . I don't know how to be successful" on the part of the child.

According to Erik Erikson's Stage Theory, what is the initiative vs guilt ego crisis?

Age: early to mid-childhood Ego skilled gained: purpose enters this stage knowing that he or she is an independent and autonomous person, but not much else. It is during this period that the child learns how to plan and carry out actions, as well as how to get along with peers. Unsuccessful negotiation of this stage results in a child who may be able to envision possibilities but is too fearful to pursue them. If such feelings are not resolved, an individual emerges in later years who cannot take initiative or make decisions, whose self-confidence is low, and who has little will to achieve.

According to Erik Erikson's Stage Theory, what is the trust vs mistrust ego crisis?

Age: infancy Ego skilled gained: Hope struggling to achieve successful nursing, peaceful warmth, and comfortable excretion. If the environment provided by the mother satisfies the infant's needs, the child develops a sense of trust and hope. However, disruptions at this stage can produce feelings of mistrust and abandonment. An infant whose mother does not respond reliably to its hungry cries or who is rarely held is likely to experience feelings of insecurity and suspicion of the environment—the world cannot be trusted. If this ego crisis is never resolved, the individual may have difficulties establishing trust with others throughout life, always convinced that other people are trying to take advantage of him or her in business dealings, or that friends cannot be confided in.

According to Erik Erikson's Stage Theory, what is the ego integrity vs despair ego crisis?

Age: late adulthood Ego skilled gained: wisdom the individual derives wisdom from life experiences and can look back on life and see meaning, order, and integrity. Reflections are pleasant, and present pursuits are in keeping with the integrated life goals the person has pursued for years. Psychosocial failure at this stage means a sense of despair: I have not accomplished what I would have liked to in life, and it is now too late to do anything about it.

According to Erik Erikson's Stage Theory, what is the industry vs inferiority ego crisis?

Age: mid-to late childhood Ego skilled gained: competence learns to derive pleasure and satisfaction from the completion of tasks—academic tasks in particular. Successful completion of this stage yields a child who can solve problems and who takes pride in accomplishments. On the other hand, a child who does not master this stage feels inferior, as if he or she were incapable of reaching positive solutions and unable to achieve what peers are accomplishing.

Who is Heinz Hartmann and what did he contribute to psychology?

founder of ego psychology he believed that the id and ego worked in a compensatory fashion, each regulating the other.

According to Tory Higgins what is the ideal self?

hopes, wishes, or aspirations

Erikson argued that _______ is a lifelong process.

identity formation

According to Mark Snyder, what is the concept of self-monitoring?

involves self-observation and self-control guided by situational cues to the social appropriateness of behavior. Someone who is high in this is willing and able to engage in self-presentation—doing what is socially expected. But low self-monitors are often not aware of social expectations or are unwilling or unable to act according to social expectations, and they may be more inward-looking and reflective; that is, there tends to be a dispositional orientation in low self-monitors, but a situational orientation in high self-monitors.

Mahler believed that forming healthy ties with the ________ was of utmost importance to psychological health

mother

When alienated from the real self, people develop ______ coping strategies.

neurotic

According to Horney, what is the unhealthy focus on a single coping strategy?

neurotic trend

For Horney, the goal of psychoanalysis was

not to help someone achieve his or her Ideal Self, but rather to enable the person to accept his or her Real Self.

According to Tory Higgins what is the actual self?

the current self-concept

What is the personal unconscious?

1. Contains thoughts and feelings that are not currently apart of conscious awareness. 2. thoughts and urges that are unimportant (irrelevant at the moment) and those that have been repressed by the ego. 3. contains both past (retrospective) and future (prospective) material (sense things that are likely to happen in the future). 4. Serves to compensate (balance) conscious attitudes and ideas.

According to Horney, what is the real self?

the inner core of personality that we perceive about ourselves, including our potential for self-realization; this core is damaged by parental neglect and indifference.

Jonathan Cheek posits that some people might best be defined by...

the personal view and others by the social view. That is, for some individuals, the most important part of "self" might be who they are in relation to others Other aspects of the self are a communal/collective identity (e.g., religion and ethnicity) and a relational identity (e.g., having mutually satisfying personal relationships).

According to Horney, what is the neurotic coping strategy of "moving Away"?

the withdrawal of any emotional investment from interpersonal relationships, in an effort to avoid being hurt in those relationships. Horney believed that these individuals want to overcome the Despised Self, and yet they feel incapable of ever becoming the Ideal Self. They see themselves, in their present state, as unworthy of the love and attention of others, and yet they feel unable to achieve anything greater. Thus, to avoid the unpleasant contrast—the gap—between these two aspects of self, they hide behind independence and solitude.

According to Horney, what is the ideal self?

what one views as perfection and hopes to achieve, as molded by perceived inadequacies. referred to as the "tyranny of the should," which is the litany of things we should have done differently, and with which we torment ourselves. The composite of all of these "shoulds."

what are the limits of the Ego (Neo-Analytic) Approach?

Relatively unconcerned with biology and fixed personality structures. Very difficult to test empirically. Sometimes a hodgepodge of different ideas from different traditions. Sometimes relies on abstract or vague concepts.

How does Anna Freud's theories differ from Sigmund Freud's?

Sigmund, who attempted to uncover childhood from the adult patient's perspective, Anna Freud worked directly with child and teen patients. She brought the ego more clearly into focus with her emphasis on the influence of the social environment emphasized the power of the ego.

According to Adler, what was the central core of personality?

Striving for superiority

According to Horney, what is the neurotic coping strategy of "moving toward"?

always attempting to make others happy, to gain love, and to secure the approval and affection of others. over identifying with a Despised Self and are therefore seeing themselves as unworthy of love. Their actions to gain love are attempts, on the one hand, to disguise what they believe to be true of themselves and, on the other, to make others believe that they are worthy of affection. In popular jargon, this disturbed pattern of relationships is sometimes referred to as codependency.

What is object relations theory?

attention should be expanded away from the individual's inner psyche and toward relations with other people. In other words, the essence of a person cannot be known without understanding that person's relations with significant others. the term "object relations" is used in this context to refer to the mental representation of significant others. That is, the child learns about self and others primarily through interactions with other people.

According to Tory Higgins what is the ought self?

beliefs about one's duties)

According to Heinz Kohut, what is idealizing transference in therapy?

come to see the therapist as the parental love-object. The therapist-qua-parent can then help Philip develop an internal system for maintaining self-esteem, rather than depending on others for that esteem.

According to Horney, what is the despised self?

consisting of perceptions of inferiority and shortcomings, often based on others' negative evaluations of us and our resulting feelings of helplessness.

For Erikson, adulthood was not simply a reaction to childhood experiences, but rather a _________ developmental process that was influenced by its own previous stages.

continuing

what are personal strivings?

describes more abstract goals, for instance, "impress my friends". that may be satisfied by a number of different behaviors. are overarching goals that include, and make functionally equivalent, lots of smaller goals and behaviors. However, our social identities can shape motives, goals, and behaviors without our being aware of these influences, consistent with the unconscious forces postulated by neo-analytic theories

What is the mother archetype?

embodies generativity and fertility. May be evoked by an actual mother figure and has the potential to be good or evil.

Heinz Kohut stated that a key problem for many anxious people is the

fear of the loss of an important love object (most often the parent).

Adler was concerned with people's perception of social responsibility and social understanding. Building on Freud's attention to love and work, Adler identified which 3 fundamental issues that he believed everyone must address?

1. Occupational tasks -choosing a career that makes one feel worthwhile 2. Societal tasks - creating friendships and social networks 3. Love tasks - finding a suitable life partner He believed these three were intertwined and an experience in one area would influence another.

According to Horney, what are the 3 styles of coping with basic anxiety?

1. Passive (complying) 2. aggressive (Fighting) 3. Withdrawn (Disengaging)

What were the 4 components of Adler's personality typology?

1. Ruling-Dominant (aggressive and domineering) 2. Getting-Leaning ( Takes from others, somewhat passive) 3. Avoiding ( conquers problems by running away) 4. Socially useful ( Meets problems realistically, is cooperative and caring).

According to Jung, what were the 4 functions of the mind.

1. Sensing (who is there or what we see and hear) 2. Thinking (what does that mean) 3. Feeling (is it something valuable) 4. intuiting (where did it come from and where is it going) Thinking and feeling were termed as rational because they involve judgment and reasoning. Sensing and intuition were termed as irrational because of the absent of conscious reasoning.

According to Carl Jung, the psyche is divided into which three parts?

1. The conscious ego 2. The personal unconscious 3. Collective unconscious

What was one of the central ways in which Adler's views differed from those of Freuds?

1. The emphasis that was placed on the origin of motivation. For Freud, the principle motivator was for pleasure (id and the pleasure principle) and sexuality. 2. Adler was much more concerned with than Freud with social conditions and saw a need to take preventative measures to avoid disturbances in personality (impact of social environment).

According to Horney, what are the 3 different aspects of the self?

1. The real self 2. the despised self 3. the ideal self

According to Jung, what were the 2 major attitudes?

1. extroversion - Direct their libido (psychic energy) toward things in the external world. 2. introversion -Inwardly focused

According to Horney, what is basic anxiety?

A child's fear of being alone, helpless, and insecure.

According to Erik Erikson's Stage Theory, what is the generativity vs stagnation ego crisis?

Age: middle adulthood Ego skilled gained: caring individual comes to value a giving of self to others. This often takes the form of bearing and raising children, but it is also reflected in other activities such as community service. The idea is to give something back to the world, to do something to ensure the success of future generations. You probably know people who, having achieved many of their material goals, have set new goals for themselves—goals that embody helping others.

According to Erik Erikson's Stage Theory, what is the identity vs role confusion ego crisis?

Age: teenage years Ego skilled gained: loyalty experiments with different roles, while trying to integrate identities from previous stages. trying to figure out who they are and who they want to become, society is beginning to allow them more freedom in the areas of friendships and careers. Successful completion of this stage results in a person who has a clear and multifaceted sense of self—one who has managed to integrate many roles into a single "identity" that is his or her own.

According to Adler, what is the masculine protest?

An effort to become independent from and eventually equal to the adults and people of power in their little worlds. Individuals attempt to be competent and independent.

what are Implications for Therapy in the Ego (Neo-Analytic) Approach?

As with psychoanalytic therapy, insight into inner motives is key But because the ego is central, there is less concern with unconscious motivation

According to Adler, what is perfection striving?

Believed that people, unless bound to an inferior complex, often spend their lives trying to meet their fictional goals. These goals vary from person to person and reflect what each person sees as "perfect". Having fictional goals gives a person focus and motivation.

According to Adler, what were characteristics of second-born children?

Born into a situation of competition and rivalry. This pushes for greater achievements.

According to Margaret Mahler, what is a symbiotic psychotic child?

Child that forms emotional ties that were so strong that the child was unable to form a sense of self—that is, he or she had no autonomous being.

What is the hero archetype?

Describes a strong and good force that battles with the enemy in order to rescue another from harm.

What is the demon archetype?

Embodies cruelty and evil.

what are the advantages of the Ego (Neo-Analytic) Approach?

Emphasizes the self as it struggles to cope with emotions and drives on the inside and the demands of others on the outside. Emphasizes the importance of the positive and goal-oriented nature of humanity. Acknowledges the impact of other individuals, society, and culture on personality. Attempts to explain the structure of the healthy and unhealthy psyche. Assumes development continues throughout the life cycle.

In Jung's theory, what is a complex?

Group of emotionally charges feelings, thoughts, and ideas that are all related to a particular theme. It's strength is determined by its Libido (value or general psychic energy)(not in Freud's sexual terms).

what is the analogy of Ego (Neo-Analytic) Approach?

Humans as conscious actors and strivers.

According to Adler, what is organ inferiority?

Idea that everyone is born with some physical weakness. This "weak link" is where incapacity of disease most likely takes its place and individual reactions are important motivators of people's life choices.

What was Adler's theory called?

Individual psychology. Believes in the unique motivations of individuals and the importance of each persons perceived niche in society.

According to Adler, what were characteristics of first-born children?

Lived as the "only child" for a while. Must learn to deal with the fact that they are no longer the sole focus of the attention. This creates a tendency for independence and striving to regain status or they become the pseudo-parent, helping to nurture siblings and others.

Jungs typology (combination of 4 functions w/ 2 attitudes) was the basis of which test?

Myers-Briggs type indicator

Why did Karen Horney feel the reason women were feeling inferior to men was?

Not because women were envious of male genitalia, but because women felt inferior to men due to the way women are raised in society and from an overemphasis of securing the love of a man. Women did not want a penis. They wanted the autonomy and control they associated with maleness.

According to Heinz Kohut, what is narcissistic personality disorder and how to people develop it?

People develop narcissistic personality disorder fear of the loss of an important love object (most often the parent). developed because they felt powerless and dependent yet projected bravado and self-aggrandizement. He believed that the problems of these patients stemmed from a lack of acceptance on the part of their parents, which resulted in an inability on the part of the patients to fully accept themselves.

What is the shadow archetype?

The dark and unacceptable side of personality. Shameful desires and motives that we would rather not admit to.

What is the anima archetype?

The female element of a man. Implies that a feminine side and therefore a knowledge of what it means to be a female resides in every man.

What is the animus archetype?

The male element of a woman. implies that each woman has a masculine side and a corresponding innate knowledge of what it means to be a male.

what is the view of free will of the Ego (Neo-Analytic) Approach?

Though personality is largely determined by unconscious forces, individuals do have the ability to overcome these.

How did Jung discover and study complexes?

The word-association test. Jung would present a list of words to a client and see which word most quickly occurred to them. Jung would measure the amount of time it took to respond to a word, rate of respiration, galvanic skin response, and memory on retest. Eventually stopped this method because it was difficult to discriminate properly between feelings related to imagined stimuli and feelings related to actual occurrences.

According to Nancy Cantor, what are life tasks?

These are age-determined issues on which people are currently concentrating.

According to Margaret Mahler, what is a normal symbiotic child?

They developed empathy and a sense of being a separate but loving person. importance on the individual's potential for mastery of his or her world and on the creation of a healthy ego. importance of effective mothering skills for the development of an emotionally healthy child. This notion is commonly accepted today.

According to Adler, what were characteristics of last-born children?

Usually more pampered. Will forever remain the baby of the family. May feel overly pressured to succeed and inability to do so may result in a lazy defeatist attitude.

what are the Common Assessment Techniques the Ego (Neo-Analytic) Approach?

Varies from free association to situational and autobiographical study with an emphasis on self-concept.

According to Adler, how does an inferior complex develop?

When a person has an overwhelming sense of helplessness or experience an event that leaves them powerless. Takes normal feelings of incompetence and exaggerates them.

How does one form a superior complex?

When an individual is struggling to overcome the inferior complex. A way of maintaining a sense of self-worth.

What is the conscious ego?

personality that is conscious and embodies the sense of self.

Melanie Klein was a developer of _______.

play therapy

A related way that modern researchers are helping define identity functionally is by asking people what their personal goals are—what they find important. For instance, what does the phrase personal projects refer to?

refers to goals or activities that people are currently working on. specific tasks and immediate goals that motivate people on a daily basis. they affect differences in how individuals think about and act each day to maintain their health

What is the persona archetype?

represents the socially acceptable front we present to others. idiosyncratic (unique to an individual).

According to Horney, what is the neurotic coping strategy of "moving against"?

striving for power, recognition, and the admiration of others. Horney believed that these individuals, instead of over identifying with the Despised Self, are over identifying with the Ideal Self. They have come to believe that all the things that they wished they were are true, and their strivings for recognition and power are an effort to reaffirm for themselves the truth of this illusion.