Chapter 4: Preventing Violence and Injury

remorse/reconciliation

"honeymoon period"; batterer may be kind, loving, and apologetic, swearing that he will work to change his behavior

common reasons given to explain hate and bias motivation crimes

1) thrill seeking by multiple offenders through a group or peer attack 2) feeling threatened that others will take their jobs or property or beset them in some way 3) retaliating for some real or perceived insult or slight 4) fear of the unknown or differences

cycle of violence

1. Tension Building 2. Incident of acute battering 3. Remorse/reconciliation

widely perceived causes of violence

1. too many high-capacity assault rifles 2. something of a crisis in mental health 3. a daily dose of media violence (desensitization)

age range of gang members

12-22

____ to _____ percent of college women have experienced an attempted or completed rape in college

20 to 25

As many as _____ to _______ percent of college women will be raped or sexually assaulted before they graduate, _____ percent of these women never report these crimes

20 to 25; 95

______ people per minute are victims of rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner in the United States

24

fewer than ____ percent of campus relationship crimes are reported to any authority

25

Child sexual abuse

90 percent of child sexual abuse victims know their perpetrator in some way; 70 percent abused by family members 25 percent more likely to experience teen pregnancy, 30 percent more likely to abuse their own children

rape-facilitating drugs

Rohypnol and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

hate crime

a crime targeted against a particular societal group and motivated by bias against that group committed against a person, property, or group of people that is motivated by the offenders bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity in 2012, gender and gender identity were added to the hate/bias crimes to be included in hate crime statistics

violence

a set of behaviors that produces injuries, as well as the outcomes of these behaviors (the injuries themselves) "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood or resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation"

discrimination

actions that deny equal treatment or opportunities to a group of people, often based on prejudice

child abuse

acts of commision; deliberate or intentional words or actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child In 2011, 3.4 million cases were reported

precedes over half of all violent crimes and is a major factor in domestic violence at all levels

alcohol consumption

Campus Sexual Assault Victim's Bill of Rights (1992)

also known as the Ramsted Act

neglect

an act of omission, meaning a failure to provide for a child's basic needs such as food, shelter, medical care, and clothing

prejudice

an irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual; a group; a race; or the supposed characteristics of an individual, group, or race a negative evaluation of an entire group of people that is typically based on unfavorable and often wrong ideas about the group

What makes people prone to violence?

anger substance abuse

sexual assault

any act in which one person is sexually intimate with another person without that person's consent

child maltreatment

any act or series of acts commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that results in harm, or threat of harm to a child In 2011, 6.2 million cases were reported

sexual harassment

any form of unwanted sexual attention related to any condition of employment or performance evaluation

acquaintance rape

any rape in which the rapist is known to the victim. A term that replaces the term date rape. More common when drugs or alcohol have been consumed by the offender or victim 78 percent of sexual violence involves an offender who was a family member, intimate partner, friend, or acquaintance of the vicitim

sexual victimization

any situation in which an individual is coerced or forced to comply with or endure another's sexual acts or overtures

incident of acute battering

batterer is trying to "teach her a lesson" and when he feels he has inflicted enough pain, he'll stop. When the acute attack is over, he may respond with shock and denial about his own behavior and blae her for making him do it

Marital rape

became a crime in all 50 states in 1993

FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program

collects data on violent crimes involving force or threat reported to law enforcement agencies

intentional injuries

committed with the intent to harm and typically include assaults, homicides, self-inflicted injuries, and suicides injury, death, or psychological harm caused by violence with the intent to harm

Emergency Preparedness and Response Division

created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to monitor potential health risks, such as bio-terrorism, chemical emergencies, mass casualties, national disaster and severe weather

intimate partner violence

describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse. This type of violence can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples and does not require sexual intimacy

impaired driving

driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs nearly 32 percent of all motor vehicle accident fatalities are due to alcohol impairment; over 60 percent of those deaths involve drivers aged 21-34

distracted driving

driving while performing any nondriving activity that has the potential to distract someone from the primary task of driving and increase the risk of crashing

Automobile Association of America's (AAA) rules for accident avoidance

generally veer to the right steer, don't skid off the road to avoid rolling your vehicle If you have hit a vehicle, hit one moving in the same direction as your own if you have to hit a stationary object, hit a soft one if you have to hit a hard object, hit it with a glancing blow Avoid hitting pedestrians, motorcyclists, and bicyclists at all costs

primary aggression

goal-directed, hostile self-assertion that is destructive in character

schools and colleges have the fastest growing risks for ________ crimes

hate

reactive aggression

hostile emotional reaction brought about by frustrating life experiences

elder abuse

hundreds of thousands of adults above the age of 60 are abused, neglected, or financially exploited

most common contributing factors to motor vehicle accidents

impaired driving, distracted driving, speeding, driver age and vehicle safety issues

unintentional injuries

injury, death, or psychological harm caused unintentionally, often as a result of circumstances includes motor vehicle crashes, fires, and drownings the number one cause of death among 15 to 24 year olds in the United States today, whereas the second and third leading causes of death in young adults are homicide and suicide

interpersonal violence

intentionally using force or power, whether threatened or actual, to inflict violence against another person or against a group or community that results in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation ex: homicide, hate crimes, domestic violence, child abuse, elder abuse, and sexual victimization

three major types of intentional injury

interpersonal violence collective violence self-directed violence

homicide

murder or nonnegligent manslaughter (killing of another human) death that results from intent to kill fifteenth leading cause of death in the United States and among top five leading causes of death for ages 1-44 leading cause of death for 10 to 24 year old African Americans in 2011, second for Hispanics, and third for American Indians and Alaska Natives

tension building

occurs prior to overly abusive act and includes breakdowns in communication, anger, psychological aggression and violent language, growing tension, and fear

may be the greatest contributor to eventual violent behavior among family members

one's family and home environment

Factors contributing to violence

poverty, unemployment, parental and peer influence, cultural beliefs, discrimination or oppression, religious beliefs and differences, political differences, breakdowns in the criminal justice system, stress

simple rape

rape by one person, usually known to the victim, that does not involve a physical beating or use of a weapon most rapes are classified as this

aggravated rape

rape that involves one or multiple attackers, strangers, weapons or physical beatings

Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

statistics collect detailed information on the frequency and nature of the crimes of rape, sexual assault, personal robbery, aggravated and simple assault, home burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft twice a year through surveys of over 100,000 people does not keep track of homicides or crimes against criminals

terrorism

the "unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social subjectives"

unintentional injury

the leading cause of death for Americans aged 15 to 24; responsible for 28 percent of all deaths in this age group motor vehicles account for most unintentional injury deaths; in 2011 alone, they caused nearly 33,000 deaths and 2.4 million serious injuries bicycle injuries account for more than 500,000 emergency room visits every year

rape

the most extreme form of sexual assault; "penetration without the victims consent" two types: aggravated or simple 1 in 5 women; 1 in 71 men 80 percent of females experience before the age of 25

domestic violence

the use of force to control and maintain power over another person in the home environment can occur between parent and child, spouses or intimate partners, siblings, etc

stalking

the willful, repeated, and malicious following, harassing, or threatening of another person a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear. most common stalking behaviors: unwanted phone calls and messages, spreading rumors, spying on the victim, and showing up at the same place as the victim without having any reason to be there

collective violence

violence committed by groups of individuals

ethnoviolence

violence directed at persons affiliated with a particular ethnic group also known as bias-motivated crime violence based on prejudice and discrimination among ethnic groups in the larger society