Chapter 4: Preventing Violence and Injury
remorse/reconciliation
"honeymoon period"; batterer may be kind, loving, and apologetic, swearing that he will work to change his behavior
common reasons given to explain hate and bias motivation crimes
1) thrill seeking by multiple offenders through a group or peer attack 2) feeling threatened that others will take their jobs or property or beset them in some way 3) retaliating for some real or perceived insult or slight 4) fear of the unknown or differences
cycle of violence
1. Tension Building 2. Incident of acute battering 3. Remorse/reconciliation
widely perceived causes of violence
1. too many high-capacity assault rifles 2. something of a crisis in mental health 3. a daily dose of media violence (desensitization)
age range of gang members
12-22
____ to _____ percent of college women have experienced an attempted or completed rape in college
20 to 25
As many as _____ to _______ percent of college women will be raped or sexually assaulted before they graduate, _____ percent of these women never report these crimes
20 to 25; 95
______ people per minute are victims of rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner in the United States
24
fewer than ____ percent of campus relationship crimes are reported to any authority
25
Child sexual abuse
90 percent of child sexual abuse victims know their perpetrator in some way; 70 percent abused by family members 25 percent more likely to experience teen pregnancy, 30 percent more likely to abuse their own children
rape-facilitating drugs
Rohypnol and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
hate crime
a crime targeted against a particular societal group and motivated by bias against that group committed against a person, property, or group of people that is motivated by the offenders bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity in 2012, gender and gender identity were added to the hate/bias crimes to be included in hate crime statistics
violence
a set of behaviors that produces injuries, as well as the outcomes of these behaviors (the injuries themselves) "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood or resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation"
discrimination
actions that deny equal treatment or opportunities to a group of people, often based on prejudice
child abuse
acts of commision; deliberate or intentional words or actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child In 2011, 3.4 million cases were reported
precedes over half of all violent crimes and is a major factor in domestic violence at all levels
alcohol consumption
Campus Sexual Assault Victim's Bill of Rights (1992)
also known as the Ramsted Act
neglect
an act of omission, meaning a failure to provide for a child's basic needs such as food, shelter, medical care, and clothing
prejudice
an irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual; a group; a race; or the supposed characteristics of an individual, group, or race a negative evaluation of an entire group of people that is typically based on unfavorable and often wrong ideas about the group
What makes people prone to violence?
anger substance abuse
sexual assault
any act in which one person is sexually intimate with another person without that person's consent
child maltreatment
any act or series of acts commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that results in harm, or threat of harm to a child In 2011, 6.2 million cases were reported
sexual harassment
any form of unwanted sexual attention related to any condition of employment or performance evaluation
acquaintance rape
any rape in which the rapist is known to the victim. A term that replaces the term date rape. More common when drugs or alcohol have been consumed by the offender or victim 78 percent of sexual violence involves an offender who was a family member, intimate partner, friend, or acquaintance of the vicitim
sexual victimization
any situation in which an individual is coerced or forced to comply with or endure another's sexual acts or overtures
incident of acute battering
batterer is trying to "teach her a lesson" and when he feels he has inflicted enough pain, he'll stop. When the acute attack is over, he may respond with shock and denial about his own behavior and blae her for making him do it
Marital rape
became a crime in all 50 states in 1993
FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program
collects data on violent crimes involving force or threat reported to law enforcement agencies
intentional injuries
committed with the intent to harm and typically include assaults, homicides, self-inflicted injuries, and suicides injury, death, or psychological harm caused by violence with the intent to harm
Emergency Preparedness and Response Division
created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to monitor potential health risks, such as bio-terrorism, chemical emergencies, mass casualties, national disaster and severe weather
intimate partner violence
describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse. This type of violence can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples and does not require sexual intimacy
impaired driving
driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs nearly 32 percent of all motor vehicle accident fatalities are due to alcohol impairment; over 60 percent of those deaths involve drivers aged 21-34
distracted driving
driving while performing any nondriving activity that has the potential to distract someone from the primary task of driving and increase the risk of crashing
Automobile Association of America's (AAA) rules for accident avoidance
generally veer to the right steer, don't skid off the road to avoid rolling your vehicle If you have hit a vehicle, hit one moving in the same direction as your own if you have to hit a stationary object, hit a soft one if you have to hit a hard object, hit it with a glancing blow Avoid hitting pedestrians, motorcyclists, and bicyclists at all costs
primary aggression
goal-directed, hostile self-assertion that is destructive in character
schools and colleges have the fastest growing risks for ________ crimes
hate
reactive aggression
hostile emotional reaction brought about by frustrating life experiences
elder abuse
hundreds of thousands of adults above the age of 60 are abused, neglected, or financially exploited
most common contributing factors to motor vehicle accidents
impaired driving, distracted driving, speeding, driver age and vehicle safety issues
unintentional injuries
injury, death, or psychological harm caused unintentionally, often as a result of circumstances includes motor vehicle crashes, fires, and drownings the number one cause of death among 15 to 24 year olds in the United States today, whereas the second and third leading causes of death in young adults are homicide and suicide
interpersonal violence
intentionally using force or power, whether threatened or actual, to inflict violence against another person or against a group or community that results in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation ex: homicide, hate crimes, domestic violence, child abuse, elder abuse, and sexual victimization
three major types of intentional injury
interpersonal violence collective violence self-directed violence
homicide
murder or nonnegligent manslaughter (killing of another human) death that results from intent to kill fifteenth leading cause of death in the United States and among top five leading causes of death for ages 1-44 leading cause of death for 10 to 24 year old African Americans in 2011, second for Hispanics, and third for American Indians and Alaska Natives
tension building
occurs prior to overly abusive act and includes breakdowns in communication, anger, psychological aggression and violent language, growing tension, and fear
may be the greatest contributor to eventual violent behavior among family members
one's family and home environment
Factors contributing to violence
poverty, unemployment, parental and peer influence, cultural beliefs, discrimination or oppression, religious beliefs and differences, political differences, breakdowns in the criminal justice system, stress
simple rape
rape by one person, usually known to the victim, that does not involve a physical beating or use of a weapon most rapes are classified as this
aggravated rape
rape that involves one or multiple attackers, strangers, weapons or physical beatings
Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
statistics collect detailed information on the frequency and nature of the crimes of rape, sexual assault, personal robbery, aggravated and simple assault, home burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft twice a year through surveys of over 100,000 people does not keep track of homicides or crimes against criminals
terrorism
the "unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social subjectives"
unintentional injury
the leading cause of death for Americans aged 15 to 24; responsible for 28 percent of all deaths in this age group motor vehicles account for most unintentional injury deaths; in 2011 alone, they caused nearly 33,000 deaths and 2.4 million serious injuries bicycle injuries account for more than 500,000 emergency room visits every year
rape
the most extreme form of sexual assault; "penetration without the victims consent" two types: aggravated or simple 1 in 5 women; 1 in 71 men 80 percent of females experience before the age of 25
domestic violence
the use of force to control and maintain power over another person in the home environment can occur between parent and child, spouses or intimate partners, siblings, etc
stalking
the willful, repeated, and malicious following, harassing, or threatening of another person a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear. most common stalking behaviors: unwanted phone calls and messages, spreading rumors, spying on the victim, and showing up at the same place as the victim without having any reason to be there
collective violence
violence committed by groups of individuals
ethnoviolence
violence directed at persons affiliated with a particular ethnic group also known as bias-motivated crime violence based on prejudice and discrimination among ethnic groups in the larger society