Chapter 4 Psychology 2

According to the _____ approach to odor identification, information about the identity of the "odor object" is quickly accessed from memory and then triggers an emotional response. page_ref: 168

object-centered

When Marco entered a Mexican bakery, he noticed the smell of fresh sweet bread. This elicited memories of visits to his grandmother's house which then produced sad feelings because has missed her since she died last year. This sequence of the smell producing the memories and then the emotional response is explained by the _____ approach to odor identification.

object-centered

Gustation is to _____, as taste is to smell.

olfaction

In the initial processing stage in the olfactory system, odorants bind to:

olfactory receptor neurons; in turn, the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons converge on glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.

The olfactory epithelium contains about _____ olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs).

10 million

Humans have about 350 types of olfactory receptor cells, allowing people to distinguish more than _____ separate smells.

10,000

Corrine is a supertaster. According to the text, about _____ percent of all people are supertasters.

25

_____ transmit sudden stinging pain whereas _____ transmit throbbing, dull pain that lingers long after the injury.

A-delta fibers; C fibers

In the somatosensory system, the "where" pathway involves the upper _____ lobe.

Parietal

Research on many wine drinkers demonstrated that:

a wine's price has a top-down influence on its perceived taste.

Dr. Simons finds that women can better distinguish among pleasant odors than men. Dr. Simons proposes that women have more olfactory receptor types than men do. This explanation is based on _____ influences on perception.

bottom-up

Drs. Richards and Jay both find that women can better distinguish among pleasant odors than men. Dr. Richards proposes that women have more olfactory receptor types than do men. Dr. Jay argues that women have more experience with pleasant odors such as those of foods, flowers, and fragrances. Dr. Richards is proposing a _____ explanation of the gender difference in olfaction, while Dr. Jay is suggesting a _____ explanation.

bottom-up; top-down

Jane has the flu and is experiencing a fever, aches, and an upset stomach. The _____ theory of pain suggests that if Jane were to stub her toe on the way to the bathroom, she is likely to experience this event as _____ painful than if she were not already sick.

gate-control; more

The olfactory bulb contains a(n) _____ for each type of olfactory receptor neuron.

glomerulus

Umami receptors respond most strongly to _____, an amino acid that also acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter.

glutamate

The term _____ perception denotes the knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints, and usually involves active exploration.

haptic

The olfactory bulb sends outputs to the parts of the brain responsible for basic drives, emotions, and memories. These brain structures are the _____, respectively.

hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

A consumer psychologist varies how long participants are permitted to touch various items. She records how much participants say they would be willing to pay for the items. The psychologist predicts that the longer participants touch the items, the more they would be willing to pay for them. This type of prediction is called a(n) _____.

hypothesis

Aaron is sanding a piece of wood before staining it. He runs his hand over it to make sure that it is smooth. Neurons in the _____ portion of Aaron's parietal lobe are probably active.

lower

The tips of the taste receptor cells are called _____.

microvilli

Margaret is experiencing pains in her abdomen and goes to the doctor, who tells her that she has suffered a mild heart attack. Margaret's experience of pain in her abdomen and not in her chest is an example of:

referred pain

With _____, internal and external sensory information converge on the same spinal nerve.

referred pain

Unlike the other senses, the human sense of _____ is closely related to emotional and social behavior.

smell

The pain pathways include each of the following brain structures

somatosensory cortex. the amygdala. the hypothalamus.

Some psychologists argue that wetness = cold + pressure. The notion that an experience such as wetness may be reduced to more basic sensations is most consistent with the _____ approach in psychology's history.

structuralist

Franklin has problems with his balance. His problems are probably caused by difficulties with his:

the inner

Which area would have the largest topographical representation in the somatosensory cortex?

the lips

People rate an odor as more pleasant when it is given an appealing rather than an unappealing verbal label. Because this effect reflects an influence of experience and associations, it is an example of a(n) _____ influence on the human sense of smell.

top-down

People tend to rate wine as tasting more pleasant when they think it costs more. Because this finding reflects the effects of experience or expectations, it represents a(n) _____ influence on perception.

top-down

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) activates _____ taste receptors.

umami