Chapter 4 Sociology

achieved status

. Occupation is an example of a(n) __________.

master status

14. Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her __________.

role

A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

status

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.

role distancing

A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store to make ends meet. When working at the retail store, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of __________.

stigmatization

A person who is socially devalued for being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, or having a visible physical disability is most likely experiencing __________.

achieved status

A(n) __________ is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

ascribed status

A(n) __________ is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

preserving social order

According to functionalist theorists, which of the following is one of the essential tasks that social institutions perform?

status set

Amber is a first-grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________.

role strain

Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing __________.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of __________.

Gesellschaft

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ to refer to a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values

Gemeinschaft

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ to refer to a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

role performance

For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within his or her role.

values

Social structure consists of all of these, except __________.

civil inattention

Sociologist Erving Goffman used the term __________ to refer to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention

secondary group

Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

statuses

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of __________.

social network

The sociological term for a set of social relationships that links an individual to others is __________.

status symbols

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing an overloaded shopping cart down the street is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of

husband

Which of the following is an example of an achieved status?

Space is less important than other forms of communication, and violations of personal space are easily ignored.

Which of the following statements about personal space is false

functional theorist

__________ emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.

Primary groups

__________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.

Role ambiguity

__________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.

Role distancing

__________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.

Social marginality

__________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups

Social solidarity

__________, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.

Social interaction

is the process by which people act toward and respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.