British history revision:

Extended spec:

Ie content for each time period for each of the six question focuses (needed)- 1851-1886 1886-1914 1914-1939 1939-1964 (But could be any thirty year period) 1) social change 2) social polices 3) political developments 4) political change 5) Ireland 6) economy (Not in order plus a summary)

Essay twenty-two: (Social changes and divisions, 1939-64)

-Austerity and the impact of war -The post-war boom and the growth of affluence -Consumerism -Changes in the position of women -youth movements -immigration+ racial tensions

Essay nineteen: (The impact of WW2 on British politics)

-Churchill as wartime leader -Labour landslide of 1945 -Labour ideology and politics

Essay twenty: (Political developments, 1939-1964)

-Conservative dominance from 1951 -Political consensus -Division Within The Labour Party -Conservatism and the Establishment -The Labour victory in 1964

Essay seven: (Political developments, 1886-1905)

-Conservative dominance to 1905 (why?) -The Problems Of The Liberal Party -Socialism, Fabianism+ the emergence of Labour

Chapter fifteen:

-DORA, 1914 -Budget Of 1914 doubled income tax -Dilution Agreements in 1915 -Shell production rose from 2 million in 1915 to 187 million in 1918 -Munitions ministry purchased 90% of all imports and had control of transport and fuel -Government spending increased from £200 million in 1913 to 2,600 million in 1918 -After the war, Britain's share of world exports fell from 18% to 11% -1919- government contracts for war materials came to a sudden end -By the 1920s, The staple industries were working with outdated technology -Strikes and disputes + cyclical unemployment -Major trade slump from 1929 onwards -In 1929, the volume of trade was still below that of 1913 -The number of people employed in the coal industry reduced from 1,230,000 people in 1913 to 782,000 in 1938. -Rearmament in 1937 gave the industry the boost that it needed -by 1922,most of the merchant fleet was laid up -Depression of the 1930s -May 1926- General Strike -strikes and lock-outs in 1919, 1920 And 1925 -1925- poor decision to return Britain to the Gold standard -failed demand for "not a penny off the pay, not a minute on the day" -Geddes Report- 1922 -Keynesian Economics -1929- Wall Street crash -1929-31: British exports halved in value -Great Depression Of The 1930s- coal output fell from 238 million to 208 million tonnes -unemployment peaked at 63% in 1932 -1934, Merthyr Tydfil- 62% unemployed -1935, Jarrow Crusade after 72% Unemployment (closure of Palmer's Shipyard) -National Government, 1931- 10% cut to unemployment benefit -Import Duties Act Of 1932 -Special Areas Act Of 1934 -British Shipping Assistance Act -Left the Gold Standard in 1931 -total unemployment fell by half between 1933 and 1939 -average economic growth rates higher in the 30s than the 20s -heavy growth in the new industries: output of motor cars doubled between 1929 and 1939 -coal production almost as high as it was in 1928 (227,000 tonnes) -By 1938, production in the steel industry had risen above the 1928 level -Consumption of electricity doubled in the 1930s -Ironically spending on rearmament was actually what assisted the economic recovery from 1936

Essay eighteen: (Ireland 1914-1939)

-Easter Rising (1916) -Anglo-Irish War -Government Of Ireland Act -Anglo-Irish Treaty -Irish Civil War before WW2

Essay twelve: (Anglo-Irish relations, 1886-1900/1900-1914)

-Fight for Home Rule -Ulster crisis

Essay fifteen: (Economic Developments, 1914-1939)

-Increased state role in wartime -Problems Of the staple industries and mines -Government finances and the Gold Standard -The Depression -"Economic realignment"

Essay six: (Anglo-Irish relations, 1851-1886)

-Land agitation -Land Acts -Home Rule

Essay twenty-one: (economic developments, 1939-64)

-Mobilisation Of wartime resources -Post-War Boom -balance of payments issues -stop-go policies -changes to British industry and trade -New technology

Essay eight: (Politics, 1906-1914)

-New Liberalism -Political crises and constitutional change -Development Of The Labour Party

Essay twenty-four: (Anglo-Irish relations, 1939-64) (read textbook for these stats)

-North/South friction -Riots Of September 1964 -Beginnings Of Civil Rights campaigns

Essay twenty-three: (Developments in social policy, 1939-64)

-The Beveridge Report -The Butler Act, 1944) -The growth of the welfare state, including the NHS -The growth of education

Chapter fourteen:

-Representation Of The People Act 1918- vote to women over thirty -flapper vote= 42% Of voters -Lab votes increased from 400,000 to nearly 2 million -1929- Women made up only 2.3% of the Commons -1922- Con 347 -Baldwin 1929 "safety first",lost to Labour -Wheatley Housing Act-1924 -Wall Street Crash. 1929 -Britain comes off the Gold standard -Baldwin handled the 1936 abdication Crisis well -Baldwin retires and is succeeded by Chamberlain in 1937 -Edward announced his intention to marry Wallis Simpson in 1936 -Failure to negotiate a deal where Wallis would remain a Commoner -Duke of Windsor was the title given to Edward after George was crowned -avoided long term damage to the monarchy's reputation -Baldwin respected due to his skill at handling the crisis- seat in the Lords after George was coronated in 1938 -20s+30s encouraged the emergence of radical political movements -Communist Party Of Great Britain emerged in 1920 -1917 Bolshevik Revolution -BUF 1932 -Communist Party Paper "Daily Worker" had a circulation of 80,000 -General Strike Of 1926 -National Unemployed Worker's Movement (NUWM) -Incitement to Disaffection Act, passed in 1934, enabled the prosecution of political extremists. -Oswald Moseley formed the BUF in October 1932 + backing from Lord Rothmere Of The Daily Mail -by 1934, membership was at 50,000. -1930s- disillusionment with traditional political parties -But by 1935, the BUF membership had fallen to about 5,000. -after violence at a BUF rally in 1934, Lord Rathmere withdrew his backing -in the late 1930s, the BUF's close association with Nazi ideology repulsed the majority of British people.

Essay nine: Economic developments: (1886-1914)

-The Great Depression+ it's aftermath -Problems Of British industry and agriculture -Staples and new industries -Foreign competition- royal commission of enquiry industrial supremacy "challenged by foreigners" -Invisible exports (stats) -Protectionism/ tariff reform/free trade

Essay ten: social change, 1886-1914

-Trade unions-new unionism (why?) (essay plan) -Syndicalism -Female emancipation (essay plan) -growth of the urban population -expansion of the service industries -living standards

Timeline notes (from our resource-ask Freya):

-before 1851 (1851-1861/1861/1872/1872-1886) (1886-1896/1896-1906/1906-1914) (1914-1924/1924-1934/1934-1944) (1944-1954/ 1959-1964)

Essay sixteen: (social developments, 1939-1964)

-changes in the state role during and after the war -the condition of the working classes -regional divisions -changing attitudes in the twenties and the "hungry thirties" -The growth of the media

Essay thirteen: (the impact of war on British parties and politics: 1914-1939)

-coalition government -liberal decline -position of the Conservatives and the influence of Labour

Essay fourteen: Political developments in the interwar years: 1914-1939

-electoral reform -Con and Lab governments -National governments -The abdication Crisis -Emergence Of BUF+ communism

Essay eleven: (social policies, 1886-1914)

-government legislation -local initiatives -taxation (People's Budget) -welfare reform by 1914 (New Liberal Reforms) (essay)

Popplet:

-mock revision cue cards -prime line -scanned year twelve stats ( use cue cards to memorise for now (until second mock)+ collect for yourself after).

Essay seventeen: (social policies, 1914-1939)

-social legislation government by government

Stats, stats, you need them:

-year 13 content (chapter based but also use sheets)

Before 1851:

1800 - Irish Act of Union 1832 - Reform Act 1844 - Liberation Society established with hopes of religious tolerance 1844 - James Nasmyth invents the steam hammer 1845 - Sybil published by Disraeli 1846 - failure of the Irish potato crop 1846 - Conservative party splits over the repeal of the Corn Laws 1849 - High Farming published by James Caird

1851-1886:

1841-1846: Peel 1846-1852: Russell 1852- Derby 1852-1855: Aberdeen 1855-1858: Palmerston 1858-59: Derby 1859-1865: Palmerston 1865-1866: Russell 1866-1868: Derby 1868-1868: Disraeli 1868-1874: Gladstone 1874-1880: Disraeli 1880-1885: Gladstone 1885-1886: Salisbury 1886-1886: Gladstone

Prime Line:

1851-1886 1886-1914 1914-1939 1939-1964

1851-1861:

1853 - Crimean War starts 1856 - Treaty of Paris ends the Crimean War 1858 - property qualification (annual income of £300) abolished to become an MP 1858 - Jews were able to become MPs 1859 - Samuel Smiles publishes Self Help 1859 - first true Liberal government takes office after a meeting in Willis's Rooms 1859 - beginning of Italian unification 1860 - almost all trade restrictions were removed (fair trade) 1861 - end of Italian unification

1861-1871:

1861 - beginning of the American Civil War 1861 - Post Office Saving Banks introduced by Gladstone 1863 - Metropolitan opened 1864 - Garibaldi visits London April 1864 - formation of the Reform Union 1865 - end of the American Civil War February 1865 - formation of the Reform League 1866 - Reform Bill introduced by Russel and Gladstone is rejected 23rd July 1866 - violence at Hyde Park when a Reform League meeting is prevented for taking place May 1867 - violence at Hyde Park when a Reform League meeting is prevented for taking place 1867 - Second Reform Act 1869 - Suez Canal opened 1869 - Gladstone gives women ratepayers the vote in local elections 1870 - civil service opened to all on the basis of an exam 1870 - Married Women's Property Act 1870 - Forster's Education Act 1870 - Land Act 1871 - Bank Holiday Act provides 4 statutory holidays a year 1871 - Trade Union Act 1871 - Criminal Law Amendment Act 1871 - Germany becomes united

1872-1882:

1872 - Licensing Act 1872 - education act attempts to anglicise the Gaelic speakers in Scotland 1873 - beginning of the economic downturn 1873 - Isaac Butt founds the Irish Home League 1874 - maximum working hours per week set at 56 1875 - Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875 - Public Health Act 1875 - Employers and Workmen Act 1876 - Lord Sandon's Education Act 1876 - Merchant Seaman's Act 1879 - Germany introduces trade tariffs 1879 - Michael David forms the Irish Land League 1879 - Charles Parnell becomes the leader of the Irish Nationalists 1880 - education is made compulsory from ages 5-10 1881 - Fair Trade League established 1881 - Irish Land Act 1881 - Irish Coercion Act 1882 - Crofters War 1882 - Arrears Act

1883-1893:

1885 - age of consent raised from thirteen to sixteen 1885 - Irish Land Purchase Act 1885 - Working Class Dwellings Act 1886 - Crofters Act 1886 - establishment of Lever Brothers 1886 - first Home Rule Bill defeated 1887 - Arthur Balfour is appointed Secretary of Ireland July 1887 - Irish land act offers the opportunity for rent review July 1887 - Irish Crimes Act made intimidation, resisting eviction and inciting to commit an act illegal 1888 - Match Girls Strike 1888 - Local Government Act 1889 - Technical Instruction Act August 1889 - Dockers Strike lasts six weeks 1889 - Life and Labour of the People of London published by Charles Booth 1890 - Irish Crimes Act relaxed 1890 - Shop Hours Act 1890 - Housing of the Working Class Act 1892: Gladstone and Liberal minority government dependent on Irish nationalists

1886-1914:

1886-1892: Salisbury 1892-94: Gladstone 1894-1895: Rosebery 1895-1902: Salisbury 1902-1905: Balfour 1905-1908: Campbell Bannerman 1908-1916: Asquith

1893-1903:

1893: Second Home Rule Bill passes Commons but defeated in the Lords + Formation Of The Independent Labour Party 1894: Gladstone retires 1895: Conservative Coalition with Liberal Unionists 1896: Lyons versus Wilkins case 1900: Coalition wins election but with a reduced majority + Formation Of The LRC 1901: Death Of Queen Victoria + Taff Vale Case 1902: Salisbury retires and is replaced by his nephew Bob's your uncle Balfour 1903: Emmeline Pankhurst founds the WSPU+ Lib-Lab pact + Wyndham's Land Act

1903-1913:

1903: Emmeline Pankhurst founds the WSPU+ Lib-Lab pact + Wyndham's Land Act 1905: Formation Of The Labour Party 1906: Liberal landslide in general election prompts era of social reform + 29 LRC sponsored MPs are elected+ LRC formally changes name to Labour Party 1908:old age pensions introduced 1909: people's budget-> Constitutional Crisis 1910: loss of majority in failed Liberal mandate election- reliant on Irish Nationalists 1911: National Insurance Act + Parliament Act passed 1912: Ulster Crisis Following Third Home Rule Bill

1914-1924:

1914: WWI starts+ DORA+ LEAs offered free school meals 1915: Women enter war munitions work / shell Crisis and Coalition government 1916: Easter rising/ Kitchener drowned and Lloyd George becomes Secretary Of State for War- Dec: Lloyd George replaces Asquith as PM 1918: End Of WW1+ Representation Of The People Act+ Education Act raised school leaving age to 14/ Dec= coupon election 1919: Declaration Of Irish Republic. De Valera elected president + Addison Housing Act + sex disqualification removal act 1919-20: Short economic boom 1920-30: four Unemployment Insurance acts passed 1920-21: economic recession 1921: Anglo-Irish Treaty+ creation of Irish free state ends Anglo-Irish War+ Geddes Report 1922: Outbreak Of Civil War In Ireland + assassination of Michael Collins+ BBC founded Lloyd George resigns as PM 1923: Chamberlain Housing Act / Bonar Law steps down due to ill health/ First Baldwin Ministry 1924: First Labour government under Ramsay Macdonald - October general election - Baldwin and Conservatives return to power

Chapter thirteen:

1914: outbreak of war 1915 (May)- Asquith coalition government 1916- (December)- LG replaces Asquith as PM 1918-Con dominated coalition - coupon election 1922: Conservative election victory -DORA, 1914 -military service act 1916- conscription for unmarried men between 18 and 41 -Easter rising and failure of Home Rule lost the Liberals the support of the 80 Irish Nationalist MPs. -LG five member war cabinet -March 1918- Maurice debate Representation of the People Act, 1918 -Labour Party= official opposition with 22% Of total vote. -Treaty Of Versailles, 1919 -Coalition ends in 1922 -1915 shell crisis -Bonar Law forced to retire in 1923 due to ill health+ replaced by Baldwin. -Widening Of the franchise in 1918 expanded the working class vote

1914-1939:

1916-22: Lloyd George 1922-23: Bonar Law 1923-24: Baldwin 1924-24: Macdonald 1924-29: Baldwin 1929-1935: Macdonald 1935-37: Baldwin 1937-1940: Chamberlain

1924-1934:

1924: First Labour government under Ramsay Macdonald - October general election - Baldwin and Conservatives return to power 1925: Britain returns to the Gold standard with Gold Standard Act 1926: General strike 1926 - Hadow Report 1928 - Equal Franchise Act gives women the same vote and men 1929 - Wall Street Crash 1929 - Margaret Bondsfield becomes the first female Cabinet minister 1929 - Local Government Act abolishes the old Poor Law system 1930 - contraception approved by the Church of England 1930 - Family Planning Association established 1930 - Greenwood Housing Act 1931 - National Government is established 1931 - left the gold standard 1931 - Statute of Westminister Act gives dominions the right to control their parliaments 1932 - Import Duties Act ends free trade 1932 - Merseyside Survey of 1928-32 suggests that 30% of the working class are living in poverty 1933 - Palmer's Shipyard in Jarrow closes 1933 - Daily Herald becomes the first paper to reach a daily circulation of two million 1934 - Special Areas Act 1934 - innovative attempt to make cheap milk available in schools 1934 - Unemployment Act introduces the means test

1934-1944:

1934 - Special Areas Act 1934 - innovative attempt to make cheap milk available in schools 1934 - Unemployment Act introduces the means test 1935 - British Shipping Assistance Act 1935 - Belfast Riots 1936 - Seebohm Rowntree's survey into York showed that 17.7% of the population lived in poverty 1936 - Billy Butlin opens his first holiday camp at Skegness 1936 - 200 men participate in the Jarrow March 1937 - Irish Free State declares independence, renamed Eire September 1939 - World War Two starts September 1939 - Emergency Powers Act declared January 1940 - rationing on bacon, butter, ham and sugar April 1940 - Norwegian Campaign May 1940 - Churchill becomes prime minister June 1940 - evacuation at Dunkirk Summer 1940 - Battle of Britain 1940 - Terylene invented at Accrington 1941 - Land Lease act allows Britain to borrow essential supplies from the USA 1941 - means tests abolished 1941 - the TUC petitions Labour ministers to provide a properly balanced insurance scheme February 1941 - the TUC petitions the Ministry of Health about defects in the national health insurance system December 1941 - the USA joins the war 1942 - Japanese defeat the British at Singapore 1942 - Beveridge Report published 1944 - government White Paper on Employment Policy 1944 - Ministry of National Insurance established 1944 - marriage bar removed from teaching 1944 - Butler Education Act

1939-1964:

1940-45: Churchill 1945-1951: Attlee 1951-55: Churchill 1955-57: Eden 1957-1963: Macmillan 1963-64: Douglas-Home 1964-1970: Harold Wilson

1944-1954:

1944 - government White Paper on Employment Policy 1944 - Ministry of National Insurance established 1944 - marriage bar removed from teaching 1944 - Butler Education May 1945 - VE Day 1945 - Land Lease Act ends without any warning 1945 - Family Allowances Act October 1945 - Docker's Strike February 1946 - Housewives Revolt results in the Minister of Food importing dried eggs again 1946 - marriage bar removed from the civil service 1946 - New Towns Act 1946 - National Insurance Act 1946 - Industrial Industries Act 1946 - National Health Service Act 1947 - Industrial Charter aligns the Conservatives with Labour policies 1947 - National Service introduced 1948 - National Health Service begins 1948 - Marshall Aid comes through 1948 - Ministry of Labour publishes 'Women and Industry', which suggests that women shouldn't mix work and marriage 1948 - National Assistance Board Act 1948 - Nationality Act guarantees those from the West Indies British citizenship 1948 - 492 migrant workers arrive from Kingston on the Empire Windrush 1949 - marriage bar removed from the Bank of England 1951 - Bevan resigns over prescription charges 1953 - Queen Elizabeth's coronation 1954 - food rationing ends 1954 - 'On the Waterfront' starring Marlon Brando is released

1954-1964:

1955 - ITV launches 1956 - Suez Crisis 1956 - first nuclear power station opened by Queen Elizabeth in Calder Hall, Cumberland July 1957 - Macmillan's 'never had it so good' speech 1958 - serious race riots in Nottingham and West London's Notting Hill 1958 - first stretch of motorway opened 1958 - formation of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 1958 - Thorneycroft resigns in protest of Macmillan's economic policies 1959 - Gaitskell suggests removing Clause Four to modernise the party 1959 - Britain forms the European Free Trade Area 1960 - Conservatives Scarborough Conference where Gaitskell promises to 'fight and fight again to save the party we love' over nuclear disarmament 1961 - Britain takes a loan from the International Monetary Fund 1961 - 'The Private Eye' is established 1961 - marriage bar removed from Barclays Bank 1962 - 'That Was the Week That Was' airs 1962 - Commonwealth Immigrants Act restricts immigration through a list of work permits January 1963 - Britain is rejected from the European Economic Community 1963 - Profumo Affair 1963 - Gaitskell dies 1964 - first licenses for drilling oil and gas in the North Sea 1964 - large scale organised rioting between Mods and Rockers in Brighton, Clacton and Margate.

Essay three: (economic developments, 1851-1886)

Factors: -Boom and the "workshop of the world" -Agriculture -Trade (stats) -Industry (stats) -The onset of depression (1873 poor harvest after a series of dry summers)

Essay four: (society and social changes, 1851-1886)

Factors: -Class -Regional division -Prosperity -Poverty

Essay two: (Gladstone and Disraeli, 1851-1886)

Factors: -Liberalism -Conservatism -Extension Of the franchise

Essay five: (social movements and policies, 1851-1886)

Factors: -Self-help -Trade Unions -Education and social reform legislation

Essay One: (political system, 1851-86)

Factors: -19th century democracy -Ruling elites -Prime ministers (prime Line) -party realignment to 1867

Interpretations T (do it WELL):

Full understanding of the extract ●Initial judgement on the extract - how convincing ●Continual use of quotes to stay focused on the extract ●Avoid narrative/ description ●Use of small quotes/ continual use of historian's name ●Specific and wide-ranging evidence to support ●Specific evidence to show reasons to consider extract ●Clear and strong mini-judgement ●No requirement for conclusion

Essay T (x2)

PLAN before you write ●Introduction - with clear themes and your INITIAL OPINION ●Clear and obvious factor/ theme ●Range of specific evidence - across the whole time period ●Explanation of your point ●Balanced use of counterpoint ●Mini judgement i.Discussion long/ short term change or continuity ii.Link to your wider argument iii.Question focus iiii.Link between factors ●Conclusion - overall argument (factors together)

Chapter one:

• 1834 Tamworth Manifesto • 1846 Corn Laws repealed • 1850 ONLY 20-25% MP's have no connection to aristocracy or landed gentry • 1858 abolition of £300 annual income requirement for MP's • 1851-1868 10 Ministries (political instability) • 1886 2/3 MP's from industry, commerce and professions • June 1959 Willis Room Meeting (Whigs, Liberals, Radical and Peelite groups unite), issue Italian Unification 1859 important • Lord Russell's 2nd Ministry 1865-66 included Whigs, Peelites, Liberals and Radicals - first radical and true Liberal government.

Chapter six:

• 1840s 1 mill peasants starved/ suffered diseases from famine in IRE • By 1851 1.5 million had emigrated to US and CAN • Population shrank: 1841 - 8.1 mill/ 1851 6.5 million / 1891 4.7million • Coercion act 1881 fillibustered by Home Rule MP's for 41 hours • Post 1881 Land Act - rents on average 20% lower • 1874 general election 59 Irish MPs on Home Rule platform • Post-Gladstone 1885 Salisbury govt. land purchase act set aside £5 mill to assist tenant purchase of land • Feb 1886 defeat first Home Rule bill - 343-313 • 1867 Fenian disturbances - organised by Thomas Kelly • Charles Parnell and 'New Departure' of Nationalist movement - Land League and Home Rule movement • Sir Frederick Cavendish and Thomas Burke murdered Phoenix Park 1882 - Chief Secretary of Ireland • Gladstone motivation Home Rule - national self-determination (Norway-Sweden 1883, Italian Unification 1859, 1860s Greek Unification, 1876-77 'Bulgarian Horrors' - independence in the Balkans)

Chapter four:

• 1867 top 0.3% population - earn 23.4% of national income • U/C and M/C 20.9% population - 64.1% income - W/C 79.1 pop and 35.9% income • Sir Robert Peel (father of PM Robert Peel) previously factory owner bought a manner in Staffordshire - evidence of gentrifying family • W/C approx.. 4/5 population, M/C approx 1/5 • 1871 1.4 million domestic servants (evidence growing M/C) • ENG/ wales united c.1540/ Act of Union Scotland 1707/ Act of Union Ire 1800 • 1872 education act attempt anglicise Gaelic speakers • 1880 Edinburgh and Glasgow 3 and 5th largest cities in UK • 1851 religious census - ¾ Welsh were churchgoers bt. Large number nonconformist = identity and language • Rural wages down/ industrial up: 1850-75 industrial wages increase 50% prices only increase by 20% = real term 30% increase • 1850 1 mill paupers on relief (5.7% pop.) 1860 845,000 (4.3%) 1870 1 mill (4.6%) 1880 808,000 (3%) • Charles Booth 1889 - 30% population live in poverty

Chapter nine:

• 1886 unemployment peaks 10% • 1873-1896 30-40% price drop most commodities (if had a job and kept it - standard living ^) • Mid 1890s Lever bros. selling 40,000 tons soap p.a • 1899 40% meat consumed GB from abroad (Aus/NZ) • Agric. Workers GB 1871 - 1 million 1901 - 600,000 (some migration to CAN/USA, some movement to towns in UK) • 1893-1913: coal production ^ 75%// steel production ^ 136%// export manufactured goods ^ 121%// export raw materials ^ 238% • H1895 sales office of Lever soap in NYC • 1886 Royal Commission - supremacy challenged by 'foreigners' • GERMAN population ^ 1880-1900 45.2 million - 56.4 million// USA population same period 30% increase • GER 1896 steel production exceed UK • USA 1890 output exceeds UK/ 1900 coal output exceeds UK • Invisible exports (shipping, banking, insurance) keep a surplus trade balance in UK throughout 'Great Depression' 1886-1890 net trade balance of +£88million

Chapter eleven:

• 1891 overcrowding 11.2% by 1901 8.2% • Royal Commission on Labour 1892-95: Labouring classes earned 15 shillings (75p a week) bt. Need £1 and 5 shillings (£1.25) as survivable rate • Balfour's education act 1902 - school boards replaced by 140 Local Ed. Authorities (LEAs) • Fall death rates/ no. epidemics: 1880 20.5 per 1000 of population > 1900 18.2 per 1000 of population • 1902 budget (5p) on imported wheat • 1908 pension act for those annual income under £21 • Conservatives limited reform - 1888 Local Govt, 1891 Public Health London Act 1892 Public Libraries, • Booth 1891/ Rowntree 1901 - 30% poverty • Poor physical condition of conscripts during Boer War 1899-1902 • End laissez faire? • Liberal reforms: 1906 Workmen's Compensation, 1906 Provision School Meals Act 1908 Children's Charter, 1908 Old Age Pensions, 1909 People's Budget, 1910 Opening first Labour exchange, 1911 National Insurance Act, 1908 Coal Mines Act, 1911 Shops Act

Chapter seven:

• 79 Liberal Unionists split over Home Rule from Liberal Party • 1895 election CON v LIB 341-177 bruising victory (70 LIB unionists and 82 Irish Nationalist ineffective) • 1865 NO Conservatives elected to London boroughs > 1900 67/75 Tory 'Villa Torries' • 'Bobs your Uncle' - Salisbury nephew appointment AJ Balfour in IRELAND • 1895 absorption Liberal Unionists > Tory party • 1895 - 28 Socialist candidates • 1892 Hardie and John Burns first ILP MP's at by-elections (FIRST LAB MP's) • 1900 LRC formed

Chapter twelve:

• Defeat of 1st HR Bill 1886 - 343-313 votes • 79 Liberal Unionists - Hartington and Chamberlain • 2nd HR Bill 1983 and 3rd HR Bill 1912 • 1890 O'Shea Divorce scandal - Parnell death 1891 • 1891 £33 mill set aside to help tenants by land • Conservative policy to 'Kill with kindness' • 1903 Wyndam's Land Act • By 1914 2/3 Irish farmers owned their own land • By 1914 £86 million spent on government land schemes • 1905 Sinn Fein founded by Arthur Griffith • 1893 Gaelic League established • 1914 Curragh Mutiny • Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) 100,000 members by 1912 - army for the (UUC) • 1913 IVF - Nationalist paramilitary group over 180,000 members • Solemn League and Covenant 1912 +470,000 signature • July 1914 Buckingham Palace meeting • "I can imagine no length of resistance to which Ulster can go in which I should not be prepared to support it". Bonar Law

Chapter two:

• Gladstone on Peel; "my great teacher and master in public affairs" • Gladstone/ Liberal catchphrase 'Peace, retrenchment and reform' 1860s • Gladstone becomes Liberal leader in 1866, first electoral victory 1868 • Disraeli becomes Conservatives leader in 1868 and is appointed Prime Minister (before Disraeli) • Gladstonian Liberalism vs One Nation Conservatism (Paternalism) • Leading Radical = John Bright, MP from 1843 onward • Self-help book written by Samuel Smiles 1859 • Work of skilled working classes; Friendly societies, Craft Unions and Post Office Savings Bank impressed Gladstone • Mid C19th - 50% church going population Nonconformist • American civil war 1861-65/ Italian unification 1859-61 = viewed as battles for freedom/democracy and surge in GB • Speaking tour of Garibaldi (hero of Italian Unification) 1864 was incredibly popular > Reform L:eague of 1865 established • Lord Derby - 1867 reform act 'Leap in the Dark' • 1867 reform act no. voters 1 > 2.5 million (1/3 male adult population now vote) • Boroughs just over 10,000 in size and 2 MP's like industrial cities of 400,000 people = problem of borough and constituencies.

Chapter ten:

• High profile strikes; Bryant May match girls 1888/ Gas workers and general labourers union/ 1889 Dockers' Strike • 1900 Trade Union membership at 2 million nationwide - less than 1/6 occupied population • 1888 onwards women can vote in local govt. elections • WSPU slogan 'deeds not words' • Daily Mail first to refer to WSPU as suffragettes • 1912-1914 'Wild Period' - smashed windows and bombings at Downing Street, War Office, St Paul's, Bank of England • 1901 77% pop. UK live in urban centres (25/37 million) • 30 cities population +100,000 • 1861 3 mill in LDN/ 414,000 in 'Greater London' by 1901 huge expansion: central LDN 4.5 mill and 'Greater LDN 2,045,000) • Booth and Rowntree reported poverty at 30% pop. In LDN / York - including 10% 'very poor' • Retail sector growth; Fenwicks in Newcastle. Selfridges opens in LDN 1909 • Growth chain stores eg. Boots pharmacies, Lipton's grocers • 1881-1914 non-manual wage earning jobs double 2-4 million (eg. Accountants, clerical work)

Chapter three:

• Mid C19th GB produced 40% total traded manufactured goods/ 25% world trade passed through GB ports • GB 'workshop of the world' • Agriculture: 1870 GB farmers produce 50% home consumption of bread/ 90% meat - agricultural golden age of 'high farming' 1850-73 (dry summers) • James Caird - author of 'High Farming', released 1849, discussed drainage and fertilisation • Guano trade worldwide worth £8 million 1870 • 1850-1873 cycle of dry summers (prior to wet/ depression) • Staple industries: coal, iron, steel, shipbuilding and engineering; growth rate annually 2-3% • Population: 1851-1881: 27 > 35 million • Coal: 1850-75 output increased 50-130million tons • Iron ore: 1855-75 output increased 9-15million tons • Railways: 1860 - 9,000+ miles track/ 153 mill passengers/ 88 mill tons freight...........1875 - 14,500+ miles track/490 mill passengers/ 196 mill tons freight • Shipping: 1850-80 319,000 tons shipping increased to 3mill + • Cotton: 1851 cotton and wool 2/3 GB exports (by 1900 GB still manufactured 2/3 world market, but a smaller fraction of total British exports) • Pig iron 1850 GB 2 mill tons/ US and GER none by 1880 GB 8 mill tons/ US and GER combined 6 mill tons ( growth of competition) • 1886 2/3 wheat imported (in 1870 on ½ imported)

Chapter eight:

• New Liberalism under Lloyd George and Churchill • 1906 Liberal landslide 400 MP's (PM Balfour loses his seat) (CON 133 seats) • 1909 People's Budget • 1908 change/ influence of New Liberals under Asquith • 1909-11 Constitutional crisis • 1910 reduced Liberal majority 274-272, Irish Nationalist 82 seats and Labour 40 seats were crucial • 1911 Parliament Act passed by 131-114 in Lords after revelation of 'King's promise' - George V to create new Liberal peers • DEC 1910 42 LAB MPs • 1903 Lib-Lab Pact > Labour backed legislation; 1906 Trades Disputes Acts • Trade Union support 1900 - 350,000 >> 1908 - +1 million

Chapter five:

• Pressure groups egs; Temperance Society/ Lord Shaftersbury '10 Hour Movement'/ 1862 Ladies Sanitary Reform Association of Manchester and Salford/ Josephine Butler's Ladies National Assoc. for the Repeal of Contagious Diseases Act/ Octavia Hill -affordable housing/ United Kingdom Alliance -1852 Temperance movement • John Stuart Mill 1867 reform bill amendment - give women the vote - heavily defeated but still received 73 votes in favour • Samuel Smiles 'Self Help' 1859 • Gladstonian Liberalism and Tory democracy • Social Reforms - permissive legislation • Housing and Health - Artisans Dwelling 1875, Public Health 1875, 1872 Licensing Act • Meritocracy - 1870 Civil Service, Cardwell's Army Reforms 1871-3, • Educational - Foresters Education 1870, Sandon's Education Act 1876 • Labour laws - 1871 TU Act, 1871 Criminal Law Amendment, 1875 Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, 1876 Merchant Shipping Act