Anatomy Chapter 3: Tissues
Simple squamous epithelial: Bottom
basement membrane is non-living
Adipose connective: Location
beneath skin, spaces between muscles, around kidneys, behind eyes, surface of heart, certain abdominal membranes
Simple cuboidal epithelial: Location
covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules, lines ducts of salivary and thyroid glands, pancreas and liver
Tissue healing: Phase 2
granulation tissue forms, contains phagocytes that eat germs and destroys blood clot, damaged tissue regenerates under scab, scar may be visible
Collagen fibers: Function
hold structures together
Transitional epithelial: Location
inner lining of urinary bladder and urinary tubes
Fibrocartilage: Location
invertebrate discs, cushions bones in knees (meniscus)
Fibrosis
replace damaged tissue with fibrous tissue (scar)
Regeneration
replace damaged tissue with the same type of cells
Connective tissue: Distinguishing characteristics
require a good blood supply, cells are farther apart then epithelial tissue
Example of transitional epithelial tissue specialization
responds to increased tension, like in the bladder
Collagen fibers can form...
scars
Mast cells function
secrete heparin and histamine
Serous membranes: Cells excretion
serous fluid that lubricates membrane surfaces
Three types of epithelial membranes
serous, mucous, cutaneous
Ways tissues repair or heal wounds
regeneration and fibrosis
Elastic fibers
thin, yellow, flexible
Muscle tissue: Location
attached to bones, walls of hollow organs, heart
Granulation tissue
a delicate pink tissue composed of new capillaries
Muscle tissue: Distinguishing characteristics
able to contract in response to specific stimuli
Nervous tissue: Distinguishing characteristics
all communicate with each other and with other body parts
Organs have...layers
all four
Connective tissue: Function
bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells
Mast cells
blood clots, allergies
Dense connective tissue: Blood supply
blood supply is poor which slows repair
Tissues with a high degree of regeneration
bone, skin, mucus membranes
Nervous tissue: Location
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Tissues with no regeneration
cardiac and nervous tissues
Stratified squamous epithelial: Regeneration
cells divide in deeper layers and newer cells push older ones upward where, in some types, they flatten and die
Tissues
cells organized into groups of layers
Transitional epithelial: Specialization
changes in response to increased tension, forms barrier that helps prevent urinary tract contents from diffusing back into body cavities
Cartilage cells: AKA
chondrocytes
Incisions
clean cuts, heal more rapidly than lacerations
Dense connective: Containts
closely packed, thick, collagen fibers and a fine network of elastic fibers
Tissue healing: Phase 1
clotting proteins seep into injured area from blood stream, clot forms and scabs
Extracellular matrix
composed of protein fiber, ground substances, non-fibrous protein and consists other molecules and fluids
Connective tissues vs. epithelial tissues
connective are further apart and have an extracellular matrix between cells
Fibroblasts
connective tissue cells that make collagen fibers and elastin
Epithelial tissue: Location
cover body surfaces, cover and line internal organs, compose glands
Reticular fibers: Function
delicate support
Macrophages/phagocytes
eat germs
Hyaline cartilage: Location
end of nose, some ends of bones, rings of trachea
Stratified squamous epithelial: Location
epidermis, lines oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anal canal (top layer isn't dead)
4 major tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Connective tissue: Location
everywhere
Elastic cartilage: Location
external ear framework, parts of larynx
Pseudostratified columnar epithelial: Make-up
false layered, one layer but looks like more, have cilia
Adipose connective: Function
fat, cushion for the joints and some organs, insulates, stores energy
Dense connective: Cell characteristics
few cells, most of which are fibroblasts
Hyaline cartilage: Contents
fine collagen fibers
Extracellular matrix consistency
fluid, semi-solid or solid
Reticular connective: Function
form a framework of internal organs, such as the liver and spleen
Areolar connective: Location
forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body, binds skin to underlying organs, fills spaces between muscles
Simple squamous epithelial: Surface
free apical surface is exposed to outside of body or to an open space internally; tissue is delicate
Areolar connective: Matrix consistency
gel-like
Epithelial tissue: Distinguishing characteristics
lack of blood cells, cells readily divide, cells are tightly packed
Cartilage connective tissue: Blood supply
lacks direct blood supply which slows healing
Serous membranes: Location
line body cavities that lack and opening to the outside (line thoracic and abdominal cavities and cover organs in them)
Mucous membranes: Location
line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body (nasal and oral cavities, found in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproduction systems)
Simple squamous epithelial: Location
lines air sacs, forms walls of capillaries, lines blood and lymph vessels, covers membranes that line body cavities
Pseudostratified columnar epithelial: Location
lines airway passages (trachea and bronchia)
Simple columnar epithelial: Location
lines uterus and most organs of digestive tract (stomach, small intestine, large intestine)
Theories on causation of aging
little chemical insults, external factors such as radiation, genetic aging clock
Hyaline cartilage: Matrix
looks like white glass
What do most cells undergo until the end of puberty? (and which cells do not?)
mitosis (nervous)
Connective tissue cells
most can divide, have a good blood supply, and are well-nourished
Hyaline cartilage: Commonality
most common cartilage type
Dense connective: Attributes
most is very strong, enabling the tissue to withstand pulling forces
Muscle tissue: Function
movement
Glands consist of...
one or more glandular tissue cells
Glandular epithelial: Specialization
produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids
Goblet cells
produce mucous
Epithelial tissue: Function
protection, secretion, absorption, excretion
Cartilage connective tissue: Function
provides support, frameworks, attachements, proteins underlying tissue, structural models for many developing bones
Lacerations
ragged tears, heal more slowly than incisions
Classification of tissues is based on...
shape and layers
Each type of tissue is made up of...
similar cells specialized to carry out a particular function
Simple cuboidal epithelial: Make-up
single layer of cubed shaped cells on a basement membrane
Simple columnar epithelial: Make-up
single layer of elongated cells, some contain goblet cells, some are ciliated, some are not
Tissue with a low degree of regeneration
skeletal muscles, tendons
Cutaneous membrane
skin
As tissues age...
skin dries out, thins, wrinkles, sags, muscle and bones lose mass and weaken
Clot
stop blood loss/holds edges of wounds together
Elastin fibers: Function
stretch easily
Simple squamous epithelial: Substance interaction
substances pass easily through the tissue, which is common at cites of diffusion and filtration
Connective membrane:
synovial is found in joints and secretes lubricating fluid
Amitotic
the lose ability to divide when cells mature (ex. cardiac and nervous tissue cells)
Collagen fibers
thick, white, strong
Reticular connective: Composition
thin, collagenous fibers in a 3-D network
Epithelial membranes:
thin, sheet-like structures composed of epithelial and connective tissues that cover body surfaces and line body cavaties
Nervous tissue: Function
transmit impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, sensory receptors
Regeneration vs. fibrosis depends on...
type of tissue damage and severity of injury
Scab
where clot is exposed to air, dries and hardens
Dense fibrous connective: Location
whites of eye, ligaments, tendons