Anatomy Chapter 3: Tissues

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Simple squamous epithelial: Bottom

basement membrane is non-living

Adipose connective: Location

beneath skin, spaces between muscles, around kidneys, behind eyes, surface of heart, certain abdominal membranes

Simple cuboidal epithelial: Location

covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules, lines ducts of salivary and thyroid glands, pancreas and liver

Tissue healing: Phase 2

granulation tissue forms, contains phagocytes that eat germs and destroys blood clot, damaged tissue regenerates under scab, scar may be visible

Collagen fibers: Function

hold structures together

Transitional epithelial: Location

inner lining of urinary bladder and urinary tubes

Fibrocartilage: Location

invertebrate discs, cushions bones in knees (meniscus)

Fibrosis

replace damaged tissue with fibrous tissue (scar)

Regeneration

replace damaged tissue with the same type of cells

Connective tissue: Distinguishing characteristics

require a good blood supply, cells are farther apart then epithelial tissue

Example of transitional epithelial tissue specialization

responds to increased tension, like in the bladder

Collagen fibers can form...

scars

Mast cells function

secrete heparin and histamine

Serous membranes: Cells excretion

serous fluid that lubricates membrane surfaces

Three types of epithelial membranes

serous, mucous, cutaneous

Ways tissues repair or heal wounds

regeneration and fibrosis

Elastic fibers

thin, yellow, flexible

Muscle tissue: Location

attached to bones, walls of hollow organs, heart

Granulation tissue

a delicate pink tissue composed of new capillaries

Muscle tissue: Distinguishing characteristics

able to contract in response to specific stimuli

Nervous tissue: Distinguishing characteristics

all communicate with each other and with other body parts

Organs have...layers

all four

Connective tissue: Function

bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells

Mast cells

blood clots, allergies

Dense connective tissue: Blood supply

blood supply is poor which slows repair

Tissues with a high degree of regeneration

bone, skin, mucus membranes

Nervous tissue: Location

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Tissues with no regeneration

cardiac and nervous tissues

Stratified squamous epithelial: Regeneration

cells divide in deeper layers and newer cells push older ones upward where, in some types, they flatten and die

Tissues

cells organized into groups of layers

Transitional epithelial: Specialization

changes in response to increased tension, forms barrier that helps prevent urinary tract contents from diffusing back into body cavities

Cartilage cells: AKA

chondrocytes

Incisions

clean cuts, heal more rapidly than lacerations

Dense connective: Containts

closely packed, thick, collagen fibers and a fine network of elastic fibers

Tissue healing: Phase 1

clotting proteins seep into injured area from blood stream, clot forms and scabs

Extracellular matrix

composed of protein fiber, ground substances, non-fibrous protein and consists other molecules and fluids

Connective tissues vs. epithelial tissues

connective are further apart and have an extracellular matrix between cells

Fibroblasts

connective tissue cells that make collagen fibers and elastin

Epithelial tissue: Location

cover body surfaces, cover and line internal organs, compose glands

Reticular fibers: Function

delicate support

Macrophages/phagocytes

eat germs

Hyaline cartilage: Location

end of nose, some ends of bones, rings of trachea

Stratified squamous epithelial: Location

epidermis, lines oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anal canal (top layer isn't dead)

4 major tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Connective tissue: Location

everywhere

Elastic cartilage: Location

external ear framework, parts of larynx

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial: Make-up

false layered, one layer but looks like more, have cilia

Adipose connective: Function

fat, cushion for the joints and some organs, insulates, stores energy

Dense connective: Cell characteristics

few cells, most of which are fibroblasts

Hyaline cartilage: Contents

fine collagen fibers

Extracellular matrix consistency

fluid, semi-solid or solid

Reticular connective: Function

form a framework of internal organs, such as the liver and spleen

Areolar connective: Location

forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body, binds skin to underlying organs, fills spaces between muscles

Simple squamous epithelial: Surface

free apical surface is exposed to outside of body or to an open space internally; tissue is delicate

Areolar connective: Matrix consistency

gel-like

Epithelial tissue: Distinguishing characteristics

lack of blood cells, cells readily divide, cells are tightly packed

Cartilage connective tissue: Blood supply

lacks direct blood supply which slows healing

Serous membranes: Location

line body cavities that lack and opening to the outside (line thoracic and abdominal cavities and cover organs in them)

Mucous membranes: Location

line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body (nasal and oral cavities, found in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproduction systems)

Simple squamous epithelial: Location

lines air sacs, forms walls of capillaries, lines blood and lymph vessels, covers membranes that line body cavities

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial: Location

lines airway passages (trachea and bronchia)

Simple columnar epithelial: Location

lines uterus and most organs of digestive tract (stomach, small intestine, large intestine)

Theories on causation of aging

little chemical insults, external factors such as radiation, genetic aging clock

Hyaline cartilage: Matrix

looks like white glass

What do most cells undergo until the end of puberty? (and which cells do not?)

mitosis (nervous)

Connective tissue cells

most can divide, have a good blood supply, and are well-nourished

Hyaline cartilage: Commonality

most common cartilage type

Dense connective: Attributes

most is very strong, enabling the tissue to withstand pulling forces

Muscle tissue: Function

movement

Glands consist of...

one or more glandular tissue cells

Glandular epithelial: Specialization

produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids

Goblet cells

produce mucous

Epithelial tissue: Function

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion

Cartilage connective tissue: Function

provides support, frameworks, attachements, proteins underlying tissue, structural models for many developing bones

Lacerations

ragged tears, heal more slowly than incisions

Classification of tissues is based on...

shape and layers

Each type of tissue is made up of...

similar cells specialized to carry out a particular function

Simple cuboidal epithelial: Make-up

single layer of cubed shaped cells on a basement membrane

Simple columnar epithelial: Make-up

single layer of elongated cells, some contain goblet cells, some are ciliated, some are not

Tissue with a low degree of regeneration

skeletal muscles, tendons

Cutaneous membrane

skin

As tissues age...

skin dries out, thins, wrinkles, sags, muscle and bones lose mass and weaken

Clot

stop blood loss/holds edges of wounds together

Elastin fibers: Function

stretch easily

Simple squamous epithelial: Substance interaction

substances pass easily through the tissue, which is common at cites of diffusion and filtration

Connective membrane:

synovial is found in joints and secretes lubricating fluid

Amitotic

the lose ability to divide when cells mature (ex. cardiac and nervous tissue cells)

Collagen fibers

thick, white, strong

Reticular connective: Composition

thin, collagenous fibers in a 3-D network

Epithelial membranes:

thin, sheet-like structures composed of epithelial and connective tissues that cover body surfaces and line body cavaties

Nervous tissue: Function

transmit impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, sensory receptors

Regeneration vs. fibrosis depends on...

type of tissue damage and severity of injury

Scab

where clot is exposed to air, dries and hardens

Dense fibrous connective: Location

whites of eye, ligaments, tendons


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