Psych Lecture 34: Prejudice and Perception, Explicit and Implicit Attitudes, and Social Psychology
How does a dissenting confederate affect conformity?
having one other person who says the same thing you're thinking makes you less likely to conform
How does having respect for the group affect conformity?
if you have respect for the group, you are more likely to conform
Social cognition is defined as _______
interpreting the behavior of others, which causes our own attitude formation and change
What happens when a person has mixed or neutral thoughts?
then go back to the peripheral route
What are implicit attitudes?
those attitudes that are below our awareness but can still affect our behavior (i.e. can say we have no bias against a particular group, but implicitly they will show biases)
What are explicit attitudes?
those we say publicly or believe privately
The Implicit Associations Test allows us to get an _______ measure of _______
"unobtrusive"; prejudice
What are the four social influences?
1. Conformity 2. Obedience 3. Compliance 4. Group influence
How does the Implicit Associations Test allow us to get an "unobtrusive" measure of prejudice (2 things)?
1. It is difficult for people to manipulate their responses 2. Tasks of the test are not susceptible to social desirability (will reflect your actual attitude not what you think society would want you to respond)
What are the five qualifiers to conformity?
1. dissenting confederate 2. size of the group 3. identify with the group 4. respect for the group 5. difficulty of the task
What are the two routes to change attitude?
1. peripheral route 2. central route
Once we go thought the central route what are the three different outcomes we could have?
1. person could have favorable thoughts 2. person could have unfavorable thoughts 3. person could have mixed or neutral thoughts
Describe the experiment by Ashby Plant and Michelle Peruche testing prejudice and perception
Cops given visual and asked to determine whether or not they'd shoot an individual. In early trails, cops made more mistakes when a black individual holding a tool (not a gun) rather than a white individual. In later trails, made about the same number of mistakes for both blacks and whites when they were holding a tool
Describe Solomon Asch's line length experiment to test conformity?
Person put in room with other people who are a part of the experiment. Asked to match the length of a line with other lines - answer is obvious. Other people (confederates) said first and out loud the wrong answer. Caused 75% of participants to conform at least once. Don't want to look like the odd person out
Describe the IAT experiment that had people choose a black or a white partner to work with to complete a difficult task (i.e. want partner with high intelligence)
Took IAT to see implicit attitudes towards black and white people. Then asked if they would prefer to work with a white partner or would prefer to work with a black partner. Those whose implicit attitudes favor white people chose a white partner. All participants in this study were black individuals.
According the the Elaboration Likelihood Model by Cacioppo and Petty, there are two routes to change ________
attitude
We are more likely to change our behavior for an _______ rather than for a ________
authority figure; non-authority figure
We are ______ of our explicit attitudes
aware
If we try to persuade someone to change their behavior and they are able to process the information and are not distracted, we can go through the ______ route
central
When we change an attitude via the ________ route we develop a STRONGER attitude compared to when change attitude via the ________ route (WEAKER route)
central; peripheral
What is obedience?
changing your behavior in response to the directive of an authority figure
What is conformity?
changing your behavior to reflect that of other people
How does identifying with the group affect conformity?
easier to conform if group is same race, gender, etc.
When attitude changed via peripheral route, it can more easily be _______ and _______
influenced and changed
How does size of the group affect conformity?
more people - up to 5 - causes people to conform more easily
We can try to persuade someone to change their attitude and if DOES NOT motivate them to change their behavior, we must go through the _____ route
peripheral
When a person with mixed or neutral thoughts goes back to the peripheral route, they look for a _______ which will either lead to _______ or _______
peripheral cue (i.e. celebrity advertisement, someone with authority, a doctor, an attractive person); an attitude change or no attitude change
The Implicit Association Test measures these unintended (or misidentified) traces of past experiences that affect our attitudes by measuring ________
strength of associations between concepts (i.e. association between woman and family, and man and career)
How does difficulty of the task affect conformity?
the more difficult the task, the more likely you are to conform because less certain about your answer
Mahzarin Banaji's developed his Implicit Association Test to learn how we can discover people's implicit attitudes. His test does this by measuring _______ that affect our attitudes
unintended (or misidentified) traces of past experiences
Describe the IAT experiment involving the election in Milan
Asked people who they were voting for (only undecided voters). Then used the IAT (implicit association test) to discover if they had a preference toward one candidate. Explicitly undecided voters have no preference, but seeing if they have an implicit preference. Then comparing IAT results to who they actually voted for. Those who voted for liberal candidate had a more liberal implicit attitude (same for those with conservative attitude). Social desirability doesn't come into too much play here.
We can try to _______ people to change their attitude
persuade
How will having favorable thoughts change a person's attitude?
will cause POSITIVE attitude change
How will having unfavorable thoughts change a person's attitude?
will cause a NEGATIVE attitude change