Psych Lecture 34: Prejudice and Perception, Explicit and Implicit Attitudes, and Social Psychology

How does a dissenting confederate affect conformity?

having one other person who says the same thing you're thinking makes you less likely to conform

How does having respect for the group affect conformity?

if you have respect for the group, you are more likely to conform

Social cognition is defined as _______

interpreting the behavior of others, which causes our own attitude formation and change

What happens when a person has mixed or neutral thoughts?

then go back to the peripheral route

What are implicit attitudes?

those attitudes that are below our awareness but can still affect our behavior (i.e. can say we have no bias against a particular group, but implicitly they will show biases)

What are explicit attitudes?

those we say publicly or believe privately

The Implicit Associations Test allows us to get an _______ measure of _______

"unobtrusive"; prejudice

What are the four social influences?

1. Conformity 2. Obedience 3. Compliance 4. Group influence

How does the Implicit Associations Test allow us to get an "unobtrusive" measure of prejudice (2 things)?

1. It is difficult for people to manipulate their responses 2. Tasks of the test are not susceptible to social desirability (will reflect your actual attitude not what you think society would want you to respond)

What are the five qualifiers to conformity?

1. dissenting confederate 2. size of the group 3. identify with the group 4. respect for the group 5. difficulty of the task

What are the two routes to change attitude?

1. peripheral route 2. central route

Once we go thought the central route what are the three different outcomes we could have?

1. person could have favorable thoughts 2. person could have unfavorable thoughts 3. person could have mixed or neutral thoughts

Describe the experiment by Ashby Plant and Michelle Peruche testing prejudice and perception

Cops given visual and asked to determine whether or not they'd shoot an individual. In early trails, cops made more mistakes when a black individual holding a tool (not a gun) rather than a white individual. In later trails, made about the same number of mistakes for both blacks and whites when they were holding a tool

Describe Solomon Asch's line length experiment to test conformity?

Person put in room with other people who are a part of the experiment. Asked to match the length of a line with other lines - answer is obvious. Other people (confederates) said first and out loud the wrong answer. Caused 75% of participants to conform at least once. Don't want to look like the odd person out

Describe the IAT experiment that had people choose a black or a white partner to work with to complete a difficult task (i.e. want partner with high intelligence)

Took IAT to see implicit attitudes towards black and white people. Then asked if they would prefer to work with a white partner or would prefer to work with a black partner. Those whose implicit attitudes favor white people chose a white partner. All participants in this study were black individuals.

According the the Elaboration Likelihood Model by Cacioppo and Petty, there are two routes to change ________

attitude

We are more likely to change our behavior for an _______ rather than for a ________

authority figure; non-authority figure

We are ______ of our explicit attitudes

aware

If we try to persuade someone to change their behavior and they are able to process the information and are not distracted, we can go through the ______ route

central

When we change an attitude via the ________ route we develop a STRONGER attitude compared to when change attitude via the ________ route (WEAKER route)

central; peripheral

What is obedience?

changing your behavior in response to the directive of an authority figure

What is conformity?

changing your behavior to reflect that of other people

How does identifying with the group affect conformity?

easier to conform if group is same race, gender, etc.

When attitude changed via peripheral route, it can more easily be _______ and _______

influenced and changed

How does size of the group affect conformity?

more people - up to 5 - causes people to conform more easily

We can try to persuade someone to change their attitude and if DOES NOT motivate them to change their behavior, we must go through the _____ route

peripheral

When a person with mixed or neutral thoughts goes back to the peripheral route, they look for a _______ which will either lead to _______ or _______

peripheral cue (i.e. celebrity advertisement, someone with authority, a doctor, an attractive person); an attitude change or no attitude change

The Implicit Association Test measures these unintended (or misidentified) traces of past experiences that affect our attitudes by measuring ________

strength of associations between concepts (i.e. association between woman and family, and man and career)

How does difficulty of the task affect conformity?

the more difficult the task, the more likely you are to conform because less certain about your answer

Mahzarin Banaji's developed his Implicit Association Test to learn how we can discover people's implicit attitudes. His test does this by measuring _______ that affect our attitudes

unintended (or misidentified) traces of past experiences

Describe the IAT experiment involving the election in Milan

Asked people who they were voting for (only undecided voters). Then used the IAT (implicit association test) to discover if they had a preference toward one candidate. Explicitly undecided voters have no preference, but seeing if they have an implicit preference. Then comparing IAT results to who they actually voted for. Those who voted for liberal candidate had a more liberal implicit attitude (same for those with conservative attitude). Social desirability doesn't come into too much play here.

We can try to _______ people to change their attitude

persuade

How will having favorable thoughts change a person's attitude?

will cause POSITIVE attitude change

How will having unfavorable thoughts change a person's attitude?

will cause a NEGATIVE attitude change