Chapter 4 Study Guide

What is another name for lactose?

Milk sugar

Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?

Muscle and liver

Which of the following blood glucose concentrations (mg/dL) is most consistent with hypoglycemia?

40

What is a normal range (mg/dL) for blood glucose?

70-110

Which of the following values falls within the normal range (mg/dL) of blood glucose?

75

Which of the following enzymes does not act on simple sugars? a. Lactase b. Sucrase c. Amylase d. Maltase

amylase

Which of the following fibers is water insoluble?

Cellulose

Which of the following is described as a nonstarch polysaccharide?

Cellulose

When you are under physical stress, what hormone is released quickly to stimulate an increase in blood glucose concentration?

Epinephrine

What type of fiber is readily digested by colonic bacteria?

Fermentable

What type of nutrient is starch?

Complex carbohydrate

What is the predominant grain product in much of South and Central America?

Corn

When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose? a. Insulin b. Glucagon c. Epinephrine d. Cholecystokinin

glucagon

The process by which an amino acid is used to make glucose is termed

gluconeogenesis.

Gluconeogenesis is a term that describes the synthesis of

glucose from a noncarbohydrate substance.

What is the name of the animal polysaccharide composed of glucose units? a. Fiber b. Enzyme c. Dextrin d. Glycogen

glycogen

Typical dietary sources of carbohydrate include all of the following except

glycogen.

What is the sweetest-tasting simple carbohydrate in the diet?

Fructose

Which of the following is known as fruit sugar or levulose?

Fructose

Which of the following is not a rich source of dietary starch?

Fruits

When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?

Glucagon

Which of the following is a component of all three dietary disaccharides?

Glucose

Which of the following is known as blood sugar or dextrose?

Glucose

What term describes how quickly glucose is absorbed from a food after ingestion, how high blood glucose rises as a result, and how quickly blood glucose returns to normal?

Glycemic response

What is the name of the animal polysaccharide composed of glucose units?

Glycogen

What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?

Glycogen

What is the predominant sweetener used in formulating beverages?

High-fructose corn syrup

Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the

mouth.

In what organ is most of the body's glycogen found?

muscles

With few exceptions, all of the following characteristics are shared by water-soluble and water-insoluble fibers except a. they are found only in plant-derived foods. b. they consist primarily of nonstarch polysaccharides. c. neither has an appreciable effect on glucose absorption. d. their consumption enhances stool formation and elimination.

neither has an appreciable effect on glucose absorption

With few exceptions, all of the following characteristics are shared by water-soluble and water-insoluble fibers except

neither has an appreciable effect on glucose absorption.

What is the principle carbohydrate of milk?

Lactose

Which of the following sugars is not found in plants?

Lactose

What is the first organ to receive carbohydrates absorbed from the intestine?

Liver

Which of the following describes the compound phytic acid? a. Product of starch digestion b. Nonnutrient component of plant seeds c. Found in gastric juice and helps to lower pH of chyme d. Found in high concentrations in the blood of people with diabetes

nonnutrient component of plant seeds

What is the first organ to respond to an increase in blood glucose concentration? a. Brain b. Liver c. Muscle d. Pancreas

pancreas

A person diagnosed with milk allergy would be sensitive to the milk's

protein.

The enzymes that digest dietary sugars are produced by the

small intestine.

Which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate? a. Starch b. White sugar c. Disaccharide d. Monosaccharide

starch

The chief carbohydrate in beet sugar is a. starch. b. sucrose. c. glycogen. d. invert sugar.

sucrose

The chief carbohydrate in beet sugar is

sucrose.

Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers? a. They cause diverticulosis b. They raise blood cholesterol levels c. They are usually found in high-fat foods d. They are classified according to solubility in water

they are usually classified according to solubility in water

All of the following foods are rich sources of soluble fiber except

wheat bran.

What is the chief reason that many people with lactose intolerance can consume foods containing some lactose without suffering any symptoms?

A change occurs in the GI bacteria

Which of the following enzymes does not act on simple sugars?

Amylase

Which of the following statements is not characteristic of fibers?

An example of a nonpolysaccharide fiber is hemicellulose

What is stevia?

An herb-derived sweetener

Which of the following plays a major role in the breakdown of certain types of dietary fiber in the large intestine?

Bacteria

Which of the following is best known to result from regular ingestion of sugar?

Dental caries

Milk that has been treated with a commercially available lactase preparation undergoes which of the following changes?

Increase in sweetness

Which of the following is a feature of kefir?

It contains live bacterial organisms

Which of the following is not a characteristic of glucose?

It is sweeter tasting than sucrose

What is the composition of sucrose?

One glucose and one fructose unit

What is the composition of lactose?

One glucose and one galactose unit

What is the first organ to respond to an increase in blood glucose concentration?

Pancreas

In which of the following are ample amounts of carbohydrates almost always found?

Plant foods

What component accounts for the usually sweet taste of fruits?

Simple sugars

What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?

Small intestine

Which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate?

Starch

Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers?

They are classified according to solubility in water

Which of the following is a feature of the pectins?

They are used to thicken jelly

What is the composition of maltose?

Two glucose units

Your nephew Jimmy, who is 10 years old, has been giving himself a shot in the thigh every day for the past year. He confides in you that he craves candy but was told by his parents that he can only eat sugar-free snacks. From which of the following conditions does Jimmy most likely suffer?

Type 1 diabetes

What is the staple grain of Canada, the United States, and Europe?

Wheat

Which of the following contains the least amount of fiber?

White rice

After you and your friend Dolores share pretzels and animal crackers, she announces that she wants to start digesting her food by watching television. You inform Dolores that

carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth through the action of amylase, so she has already begun digesting the snacks.

Which of the following fibers is water insoluble? a. Gums b. Pectins c. Cellulose d. Mucilages

cellulose

All of the following are symptoms of lactose intolerance except

constipation.

Which of the following ingredients listed on food labels would be acceptable to the person who is highly intolerant to lactose in the diet? a. Whey b. Casein c. Dextrins d. Milk solids

dextrin

When you are under physical stress, what hormone is released quickly to stimulate an increase in blood glucose concentration? a. Insulin b. Secretin c. Glucogen d. Epinephrine

epinephrine

In general, modifying a diet that by substituting complex carbohydrates for pure sugars results in a diet that is higher in a. fat. b. fiber. c. energy. d. refined foods.

fiber

What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin?

fibers

All of the following are sources of dietary carbohydrates except

fish

What is the primary organ that converts fructose to glucose following absorption? a. Liver b. Pancreas c. Skeletal muscle d. Small intestines

liver

The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed

hydrolysis.

A "functional fiber" is one that

is extracted from plants and has a beneficial health effect.

Which of the following is a feature of kefir? a. Its low pH inactivates lactose b. It contains live bacterial organisms c. It contains half as much lactose as milk d. It is a recommended substitute for people with milk allergy

it contains live bacterial organisms

All of the following are properties of fiber except

it elevates blood glucose levels.

Characteristics of dietary phytic acid include all of the following except a. it is classified as a fiber. b. it is found in the husks of grains. c. it is synonymous with the term phytate. d. it inhibits absorption of several minerals.

it is classified as a fiber

Characteristics of dietary phytic acid include all of the following except a. it is classified as a fiber. b. it is found in the husks of grains. c. it is synonymous with the term phytate. d. it inhibits absorption of several minerals.

it is classified as a fiber

All of the following are characteristic of a high-fiber diet except

it may reduce risk of lung cancer but increase risk of breast cancer.

Water-soluble fibers include all of the following except a. gums. b. pectins. c. lignins. d. mucilages.

lignins

Water-soluble fibers include all of the following except

lignins.

In the time between meals, what organ releases glucose to help maintain normal blood glucose levels? a. Liver b. Pancreas c. Intestines d. Skeletal muscle

liver