Chapter 4: the tissue level of organization
why are infections always a serious threat after a severe burn or an abrasion?
The extensive connections between cells formed by tight junctions, intercellular cement, and physical interlocking hold skin cells together and can deny access to chemicals or pathogens that may cover their free surfaces. If the skin is damaged the connections are broken, infections can easily occur.
The lining of the nasal cavity is normally moist, contains numerous goblet cells, and a rests on a layer of loose connective tissue. What type of membrane is this?
The lining of the nasal cavity is a mucous membrane
What physiological function are enhanced by epithelial cells bearing microvilli and Celia
The presence of microvilli on the free surface of epithelial cells greatly increases the surface area of absorption. Cilia function to move materials over the surface of epithelial cells.
Secretory cells of sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles fill with secretions and then rupture, releasing their contents. What kind of secretion is this?
The process described is holocrine secretion
secretory cells of sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles fill with secretions and then ruptured, releasing their contents. What kind of secretion is this?
The process described is holocrine secretion
Chemical analysis of a connective tissue reveals that the tissue contains primarily triglycerides. which type of connective tissue is this?
The tissue is adipose (fat) tissue
Which two types of connective tissue have a fluid matrix?
The two connective tissue that contain a fluid matrix our blood and lymph
a significant structural feature in the digestive system is the presence of tight junctions located near the exposed surface of cells lining the digestive tract. Why are these junctions so important?
Tight junctions block the passage of water up or solute between cells. in the digestive track, these junction keep enzymes, acids, and wastes from damaging delicate underlying tissues.
peri-
around; pericardium
inter-
between; interstitial
soma
body; desmosome
os
bone; osseous tissue
Why does cartilage heal so slowly?
cartilage lacks a direct blood supply, which is necessary for rapid healing to occur. Materials that are needed to repair damaged cartilage must diffuse from the blood to the chondrocytes. Such diffusion takes a long time and retards the healing process.
chondros
cartilage; perichondrium
How does a cell membrane differ from a tissue-level membrane?
cell membranes are composed of lipid bilayers. Tissue membranes consist of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissue.
Lack of vitamin C in the diet interferes with the ability of fibroblasts to produce collagen. What effect might this interference have on connective tissue?
collagen fibers add string to connected tissue. Thus, a vitamin C deficiency might result in connective tissue that is weak and prone to damage.
The tissue that contains the fluid ground substance is
connective
Epithelial tissue is composed of layers of cells that
cover internal or external surfaces
what characteristics make the cutaneous membrane different from the serous and mucous membranes?
cutaneous membranes are thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry
Through process of differentiation
each cell specializes to perform a relatively restricted range of functions
Hormones
endocrine secretion
holos
entire; holocrine
gland cells
epithelial cells that produce secretions
The four basic tissue types found in the body are
epithelial, connective, muscle, neural
pseudes
false; pseudostratified
Adipocytes
fat cells
Which fluid connective tissues and supporting connected tissues are found in the human body?
fluid connective tissues: blood and lymph Supporting connective tissues:bone and cartilage
What three types of layering make epithelial tissue recognizable?
simple, stratified, transitional
A biology student loses the labels of two prepared slides she is studying. One is a slide of animal intestine, and the other is of animal esophagus. You volunteered to help her sort them out. How would you decide which slide is which?
since animal intestines are specialized for absorption, you would look for a slide that shows a single layer of epithelium lining the cavity. The cells would be cuboidal or columnar and would probably have microvilli on the surface to increase surface area. With the right type of microscope, you could also see tight junctions between the cells. Since the esophagus received undigested food, it would have a stratified epithelium consisting of squamous cells to protect it against damage.
Large muscle fibers that are multinucleated, striated, and voluntary are found in
skeletal muscle tissue
What three basic components are found in connective tissues?
specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, fluid ground substance
mucus secretion that coats the passageways of the digestive and respiratory tract result from _______________ secretion.
merocrine
meros
part; merocrine
squama
plate or scale; squamous
lacus
pool; lacunae
What are the four essential functions of epithelial tissue?
provide physical protection; control permeability; provide sensation; produce specialized secretions
The primary function (s) of epithelial tissue is (are)
providing physical protection, controlling permeability and providing sensation, producing specialized secretions
The type of epithelium that typically possesses cilia and lines the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi is
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
Muscle- two-bone attachment
tendon
neuron
A cell in neural tissue specialized for intercellular communication by (1) changes in membrane potential and (2) synaptic connections
Tissue
A collection of specialized cells and cell products that perform a specific function
Cartilage
A connective tissue with gelatinous matrix containing an abundance of fibers
Basement membrane
A layer of filaments and fibers attached an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue
Microvilli
Absorption and secretion
why are both skeletal muscle cells and axon also called fibers?
Both skeletal muscle cells and neurons are called fibers because they are relatively long and slender
Fibroblasts
Cells of connective tissue proper that are responsible for the production of extracellular fibers and the secretion of the organic compounds of the extracellular matrix
gap junction
Connections between cells that permits the movement of ions and the transfer of graded or propagated change in the membrane potential from cell to cell
blood
Connective tissue that contain distinctive collections of cells in the fluid matrix
The three cell shapes making of epithelial tissue are
Cubital, squamous, columnar
what is the difference between an exocrine secretion and a endocrine secretion?
Exocrine secretions are secreted onto a surface or outward through a duct. Endocrine secretions are secreted by a ductless glands into surrounding tissues. The secretions are called hormones which usually diffuse into the blood for distribution to other parts of the body.
lymph
Fluid contents of lymphatic vessels, similar in composition to interstitial fluid
what type of muscle tissue has small, spindle-shaped cells with single nuclei and no obvious banding pattern?
Given that both cardiac and skeletal muscles are strained (banded), this must be smooth muscle tissue.
gap junction
Interlocking of membrane proteins
Simple cuboidal epithelium cells are specialized to
Secrete enzymes and buffers in the pancreas and salivary glands
mucous membrane
Lines cavities that communicate with the exterior. Their services are normally moisten by mucus secretions.
intercalated discs and peacemaker cells are a characteristic of
Muscle tissue
The types of layering used to classify epithelia are
Simple and Stratified
neural tissue
Specialized to conduct electrical impulses that convey information from one area of the body to another
Histology
Study of tissues
Connective tissue
One of the four primary tissue types; provides a structural framework for the body that stabilizes the relative position of the other tissue types: includes connective tissue proper, cartridges, bone, and blood; always has cells, cell products, and grounds substances.
Voluntary control is restricted to which type of muscle tissue?
Only skeletal muscle tissue is voluntary
What indications are associated with inflammation?
Redness, warmth, swelling, and pain are familiar indications of inflammation
Germinative cells
Repair and renewal
Inflammation
a nonspecific defense mechanism that operates at the tissue level, characterized by swelling, redness, warmth, and pain
microphage
a phagocytic cell of the monocyte - microphage system
muscle tissue
a tissue characterized by the presence of cells capable of contraction; include skeletal cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue
apo-
from; apocrine
Stem cells
germinative cells, continually replace the short-lived epithelial cells
hyalos
glass; hyaline cartilage
glia
glue, neuroglia
cardium
heart; pericardium
destroys gland cell
holocrine secretion
Why does holocrine secretion require continuous cell division?
holocrine secretion destroys the gland cell. during holocrine secretion the entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and the bursts, releasing the secretion by killing the cell. The gland cells must be replaced by the division of stem cells.
Cardiac muscle
intercalated discs
tight Junction
intercellular connection
What is fibrosis?
is the permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue
Bone-to- bone attachment
ligament
desmos
ligament; desmosome
serous membrane
line internal cavities and are delicate, moist, and very permeable
Which four kinds of membranes composed of epithelial and connective tissues cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body?
mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
neuro
nerve, neuron
You look at a tissue under a light microscope and see a simple squamous epithelium on the outer surface. Can it be a sample of the skin surface?
no. A simple squamous epithelium is not found in the skin surface because it cannot provide enough protection against infection, abrasion, and dehydration.
Epithelium
one of the four primary tissue types; a layer of cells that form is superficial covering or an internal lining of a body cavity or vessel
bone
osseous tissue, has a matrix primarily consisting of collagen fibers and calcium salts, which gives unique properties
pleura
rib; pleural membrane
serous membranes produce fluids. What is their function?
serous fluid minimizes the friction between the serous membrane that cover the surfaces of organs in the surrounding body cavity
The type of epithelial cells found in protected regions where absorption takes place or a slippery surface reduces friction is
simple squamous
You are asked to develop a scheme that can be used to identify the three different types of muscle tissue in two steps. What were the two steps be?
step one: check for striations. (If striations are present, the choices are skeletal muscle or cardiac muscle. If striations are absent the tissue is smooth muscle.) step two: check for the presence of intercalated discs. (if the discs are present, the tissue is cardiac muscle. If they are absent, the tissue is skeletal muscle.)
In body surfaces where mechanical stresses are severe, the dominant epithelium is
stratified squamous epithelium
Skeletal muscle
striated and voluntary
histos
tissue; histology
Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a limited range of functions are called
tissues
phagein
to eat; macrophage
The primary function of serous membranes in the body
to minimize friction between opposing surfaces
krinein
to secrete; exocrine
sistere
to set; interstitial
dendron
tree; dendrites
vas
vessel, vascular
a-
without; avascular