Chapter 40 (this one)

63) How many taste buds are on the human tongue? A) 5,000 B) 50 C) 500 D) 5 E) 5,000,000

A) 5,000

42) Which is the correct sequence of structures through which light passes in the eye? A) Cornea → aqueous humor → pupil → lens → vitreous humor → retina B) Lens → pupil → cornea → aqueous humor → retina C) Lens → cornea → vitreous humor → retina → aqueous humor → pupil D) Pupil → vitreous humor → aqueous humor → retina → cornea E) Aqueous humor → cornea → lens → pupil → retina → vitreous humor

A) Cornea → aqueous humor → pupil → lens → vitreous humor → retina

39) Why do your parents or grandparents most likely need glasses to read? A) The lens of the eye stiffens with age, making it difficult to focus on nearby objects. B) They have spent more time reading books at close range than have younger people. C) The lens of the eye becomes rounder with age. D) The optic nerve sends signals more slowly as people age. E) The photoreceptors of the eye are no longer as responsive.

A) The lens of the eye stiffens with age, making it difficult to focus on nearby objects.

65) The sense of taste relies on A) both taste buds and olfactory receptors. B) taste buds, olfactory receptors, and mechanoreceptors. C) taste buds, olfactory receptors, and nociceptors. D) olfactory receptors only. E) taste buds only.

A) both taste buds and olfactory receptors.

58) Smell and taste are detected by A) chemoreceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) olfactory receptors. D) thermoreceptors. E) nociceptors.

A) chemoreceptors.

8) Receptor potentials are ________ the strength of the stimulus. A) directly proportional to B) inversely proportional to C) unrelated to D) much greater than E) the same regardless of

A) directly proportional to

55) Your friend has trouble distinguishing the color red from the color green. You explain that he is color-deficient because his eyes A) do not have the photopigments stimulated by red or green light. B) were damaged by bright sunlight. C) are too elongated or have a cornea that is too round. D) have larger blind spots than normal. E) have rods but no cones.

A) do not have the photopigments stimulated by red or green light.

17) The malleus is also called the A) hammer. B) cochlea. C) pinna. D) anvil. E) stirrup.

A) hammer.

22) The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are located in the A) middle ear. B) outer ear. C) auditory canal. D) inner ear. E) cochlea.

A) middle ear.

9) Odor molecules stimulate responses in A) olfactory receptors. B) hair cells. C) rods. D) free nerve endings. E) stretch receptors.

A) olfactory receptors.

67) Pain receptors A) respond to bradykinin, which is produced as a result of cell damage. B) are sometimes called photoreceptors. C) do not respond to stretching. D) are activated when skin temperatures are between 65°F and 100°F.

A) respond to bradykinin, which is produced as a result of cell damage.

32) The ________ detect movement of the head. A) semicircular canals of the inner ear B) pinna and auditory canal of the outer ear C) bones in the middle ear D) oval and round windows of the inner ear E) olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity

A) semicircular canals of the inner ear

68) Spicy foods often contain the chemical capsaicin, which activates certain receptors in the mouth, causing your mouth to feel like it is "burning." The receptors activated by capsaicin are also activated by A) very hot temperatures. B) acidic foods. C) glutamate. D) sweet foods. E) salty foods.

A) very hot temperatures.

54) The round shape of the eyeball is maintained by the gel-like A) vitreous humor. B) choroid. C) cornea. D) aqueous humor. E) iris.

A) vitreous humor.

12) Which type of receptor signals that your stomach is full after a big meal? A) Thermoreceptor B) Chemoreceptor C) Photoreceptor D) Mechanoreceptor

D) Mechanoreceptor

66) The threshold of human skin temperature at which cool or cold is perceived as pain is A) -5°F. B) 59°F. C) 0°F. D) 32°F.

B) 59°F

61) Which of the following is responsible for the perception of smell? A) Optic nerve B) Olfactory bulb C) Ganglion cells D) Corpuscles E) Olfactory receptors

B) Olfactory bulb

46) The optic nerve A) connects the two eyes. B) carries action potentials that originate in the retina. C) forms a blind spot at the fovea. D) is made up of hair cells. E) interprets the action potentials it carries.

B) carries action potentials that originate in the retina.

23) The receptor cells for hearing are located in the A) semicircular canals. B) cochlea. C) utricle. D) saccule. E) auditory tube.

B) cochlea.

44) In humans, when the eye focuses on a nearby object, the lens A) becomes more rounded. B) flattens. C) gets more transparent. D) gets less transparent. E) does not change.

B) flattens.

28) After 20 years on the road, Roger recently retired as the drummer of a rock band. It didn't take long for Roger to realize that he was unable to hear as well as he used to. Roger's diminished hearing is most likely due to damage of A) corpuscles. B) hair cells. C) the hammer and anvil. D) the tympanic membrane. E) the auditory nerve.

B) hair cells.

48) People who wear contact lenses or glasses have a defect in the A) cone cells. B) length of the eyeball. C) iris. D) rod cells. E) blind spot.

B) length of the eyeball.

19) The perception of sound depends on A) chemoreceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) thermoreceptors. D) photoreceptors. E) nociceptors.

B) mechanoreceptors.

34) The many individual light-sensitive subunits in an insect's eye are called A) rods. B) ommatidia. C) cones. D) ganglion cells. E) corpuscles.

B) ommatidia.

29) The hair-like projections of the hair cells are inserted into the A) round window. B) tectorial membrane. C) basilar membrane. D) tympanic membrane. E) oval window.

B) tectorial membrane.

7) Receptor potentials may generate action potentials in the receptor cell itself, or they may cause ________ that stimulates an associated neuron to generate action potentials. A) the production of glucose B) the release of neurotransmitter C) an increase in blood flow D) an influx of ClE) a change in pressure

B) the release of neurotransmitter

56) What is the effect of a cornea that is too flat? A) Nearsightedness B) An enlarged blind spot C) Farsightedness D) Blindness

C) Farsightedness

52) If you could monitor the activity from the photoreceptors of rods and cones in the retina during a dream, would you expect these cells to be producing electrical signals? Why? A) Yes, because our eyes move during sleep, and this stimulates the rods and cones. B) Yes, because the rods and cones are reproducing images that are then sent to the brain. C) No, because rods and cones only convert light energy into electrical signals. D) No, because rods and cones never produce electrical signals.

C) No, because rods and cones only convert light energy into electrical signals.

24) Select the correct path through which sound waves travel to stimulate hearing. A) Outer ear → oval window → middle ear → tympanic membrane → cochlea B) Outer ear → basilar membrane → inner ear → oval window → auditory tube C) Outer ear → tympanic membrane → middle ear → oval window → cochlea D) Outer ear → auditory tube → oval window → tympanic membrane → basilar membrane E) Outer ear → tympanic membrane → auditory tube → cochlea → oval window

C) Outer ear → tympanic membrane → middle ear → oval window → cochlea

78) Olfactory dysfunction, or dysosmia, is a problem with the sense of smell. Technically, it is a deviation from the normal sensing and perception of odor molecules, or olfactory stimuli processing. There are several different forms of dysosmia, including anosmia (stimuli do not activate the olfactory bulb), parosmia (some odors are interpreted as other odors), and phantosmia (hallucinations of smells that are not there). Based on this information, what specific condition is indicated in a person who mistakenly perceives the smell of peppermint as the same as the smell of something that is rotten, foul, and decomposed? A) Phantosmia B) Dysosmia C) Parosmia D) Anosmia

C) Parosmia

16) Which of these structures can be swiveled around in some animals to better locate a sound? A) Hammer B) Anvil C) Pinna D) Cochlea

C) Pinna

49) Why do things appear mainly black or white to us in low light? A) Colored light does not strike the retina in low light. B) Few action potentials are generated in low light. C) Rods are more sensitive to light than are cones. D) The diffused light of night does not fall on the fovea. E) Only white light is available at night.

C) Rods are more sensitive to light than are cones.

33) How many semicircular canals are in the inner ear of the right ear? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four

C) Three

57) MSG is often used as a seasoning to enhance the flavors of meat, fish, and vegetables. Which type of taste receptor cell responds to MSG? A) Sweet B) Bitter C) Umami D) Salty E) Sour

C) Umami

50) Which of the following is NOT a type of cone found in the human retina? A) Blue B) Green C) Yellow D) Red

C) Yellow

60) Odor molecules diffuse through mucus and bind directly to the ________ of olfactory receptors. A) axons B) microvilli C) dendrites D) corpuscles E) cell body

C) dendrites

37) Ommatidia are found in the compound eyes of A) flatworms. B) mollusks. C) insects. D) humans. E) amphibians.

C) insects.

41) The receptor cells affected by light rays contain molecules called A) ganglia. B) ommatidia. C) photopigments. D) mechanoreceptors. E) ampullae.

C) photopigments.

35) The white of the human eye's exterior is actually the A) retina. B) pupil. C) sclera. D) fovea. E) iris.

C) sclera.

1) A cell specialized to respond to a particular type of stimulus is a A) corpuscle. B) sensory receiver. C) sensory receptor. D) saccule. E) pinna.

C) sensory receptor.

4) Sensory receptors are grouped into categories based on the A) brain cells they stimulate. B) types of action potentials they generate. C) stimuli to which they respond. D) part of the central nervous system to which they connect.

C) stimuli to which they respond.

47) What is the blind spot? A) The hole where there is no iris B) The part of the cerebral cortex that interprets action potentials from the eye C) A part of the cornea D) An area of the retina that has no receptor cells E) A space in the vitreous humor

D) An area of the retina that has no receptor cells

20) If the doctor says you have a middle ear infection, which of the following could be involved? A) Cochlea B) Pinna C) Vestibular apparatus D) Auditory tube

D) Auditory tube

77) Optometrists, who help patients with their vision problems, know that certain types of repetitive use of the muscles around the lens of the eye can "train" the lens to become flatter than normal. This often occurs in truck drivers, sailors, and other people who focus on the horizon or at great distances for long periods of time. What would be the consequence of this on the eye over a long time period? A) Nearsightedness B) Color-deficiency C) Complete blindness D) Farsightedness

D) Farsightedness

40) Which of the following animals has an eye with a single lens? A) Jellyfish B) Bee C) Dragonfly D) Human E) Butterfly

D) Human

2) Cones are specialized to detect which of the following types of stimuli? A) Odor B) Vibration C) Heat and cold D) Light E) Taste

D) Light

76) Owls have many anatomical modifications that enable them to hunt at night. For example, some of their feathers are serrated on the edges, which eliminate the noise created by air flowing over a smooth feather surface. Owls can thus descend on their prey without a sound. They can locate small prey with remarkable accuracy, even in dim light or complete darkness. Experiments conducted in totally dark, soundproof rooms have shown that owls can capture prey after pinpointing its location to within 1.5 degrees in both horizontal and vertical planes. Based on this scenario, which of these structures do owls primarily rely on when they hunt in total darkness? A) Photoreceptors B) Umami receptors C) Nociceptors D) Mechanoreceptors E) Olfactory bulb

D) Mechanoreceptors

14) Your best friend sneaks up behind you and lightly strokes the back of your neck with a feather. Which of the following receptors would detect this type of stimulus? A) Pacinian corpuscles B) Ruffini corpuscles C) Hair cells D) Meissner's corpuscles E) Stretch receptors

D) Meissner's corpuscles

10) Which of the following chemical compounds stimulate cold receptors in the skin and oral cavity? A) Camphor B) Clove oil C) Capsaicin D) Menthol E) Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

D) Menthol

18) Which structure transmits sound waves to the malleus in the middle ear? A) Pinna B) Auditory membrane C) Cochlea D) Tympanic membrane E) Vestibular membrane

D) Tympanic membrane

15) Hair cells in the human ear are located on the A) pinna. B) round window. C) tympanic membrane. D) basilar membrane.

D) basilar membrane.

30) The tiny stones in the vestibule, which move in response to gravity, are made of A) iron oxide. B) magnesium. C) calcium hydroxide. D) calcium carbonate. E) sodium chloride.

D) calcium carbonate.

11) All of the following are examples of mechanoreceptors EXCEPT A) Meissner's corpuscles. B) stretch receptors. C) Ruffini corpuscles. D) olfactory receptors. E) Pacinian corpuscles.

D) olfactory receptors.

3) Chemoreceptors include A) hair cells. B) free nerve endings. C) Pacinian corpuscles. D) olfactory receptors. E) rods.

D) olfactory receptors.

26) The frequency of a sound wave determines the ________ of the sound you hear. A) tone B) amplitude C) loudness D) pitch

D) pitch

64) You take a drink of scalding coffee and it burns your tongue. The ________ cells of the taste bud divide to replace the damaged receptors. A) glial B) supporting C) taste D) stem E) neuron

D) stem

51) In humans, depth perception is possible because A) we have two eyes on the sides of our heads. B) the two eyes see identical images. C) the two eyes are necessary for any vision to occur. D) the two eyes have overlapping visual fields. E) each of the two eyes "sees" an entirely different image.

D) the two eyes have overlapping visual fields.

5) A stimulus that is strong enough to trigger an action potential is said to be above A) intensity. B) capacity. C) maximum. D) threshold. E) frequency.

D) threshold.

31) The hair cells in the ________ detect the direction of gravity. A) oval and round windows B) middle ear C) corpuscle D) utricle and saccule

D) utricle and saccule

62) There are ________ different olfactory receptor proteins in humans that allow us to sense a variety of odors. A) 10 to 15 B) 1,000 to 1,500 C) 100,000 to 500,000 D) 5 to 10 E) 350 to 400

E) 350 to 400

36) You are researching the adaptations of a newly discovered mammal that is active mostly at night. Which adaptation to the eye would you expect to find? A) Many individual light-sensitive subunits in each eye B) Thicker vitreous humor behind the lens C) An eyespot that can only discern light from dark D) Crustacean flattened cornea resulting in farsightedness E) A reflective choroid behind the retina

E) A reflective choroid behind the retina

21) How do we perceive the pitch of sounds? A) The pinna swivels in different directions in response to sounds of different frequency. B) The tympanic membrane vibrates more strongly at high frequencies. C) Rods vibrate in response to high-frequency sounds and cones respond to low-frequency sounds. D) The hammer, anvil, and stirrup vibrate at different speeds. E) Different parts of the basilar membrane vibrate in response to different frequencies of sound.

E) Different parts of the basilar membrane vibrate in response to different frequencies of sound.

27) Which of the following has the greatest potential to damage hair cells after prolonged exposure? A) Noise from an urban street B) Two humans talking C) A car engine D) Noisy restaurant E) MP3 player

E) MP3 player

25) Vibration of the stirrup against this membrane transmits sound waves into the fluid-filled cochlea. A) Tympanic membrane B) Round window C) Basilar membrane D) Tectorial membrane E) Oval window

E) Oval window

13) Which of the following will respond to steady pressure? A) Hair cells B) Pacinian corpuscles C) Meissner's corpuscles D) Olfactory receptors E) Ruffini corpuscles

E) Ruffini corpuscles

53) The ________ provides nourishment for the lens and cornea. A) retina B) optic nerve C) choroid D) vitreous humor E) aqueous humor

E) aqueous humor

38) When light energy hits a photopigment, the molecule A) generates an action potential. B) forms an enzyme. C) is separated from the plasma membrane. D) is destroyed, setting off a series of chemical reactions. E) changes shape, setting off a series of chemical reactions.

E) changes shape, setting off a series of chemical reactions.

59) Chemicals detected by the nose must A) stimulate the cones. B) first enter the mouth. C) bind to taste buds. D) cause bending of hair cells in the upper nasal cavity. E) dissolve in mucus in the nasal cavity.

E) dissolve in mucus in the nasal cavity.

6) The strength of a stimulus is indicated by the ________ of action potentials. A) speed B) duration C) loss D) intensity E) frequency

E) frequency

45) In a person who is nearsighted, the A) eyeball is too short from front to back. B) aqueous humor is cloudier than normal. C) lens is not functional at all. D) muscle that controls the thickness of the lens is weak. E) incoming light is focused in front of the retina.

E) incoming light is focused in front of the retina.

43) The fovea of the human eye A) is also known as the blind spot. B) contains a high concentration of ommatidia. C) contains mostly rods. D) is located in the sclera. E) is the part of the retina that produces the sharpest image.

E) is the part of the retina that produces the sharpest image.

69) The stronger the stimulus, the larger the action potential.

FALSE

71) Human fingertips have the same number of touch receptors per square inch as the skin of the back.

FALSE

72) Ruffini corpuscles respond to a light touch against the skin.

FALSE

73) There are three small bones in the inner ear.

FALSE

70) The stronger the stimulus, the larger the receptor potential.

TRUE

74) Binocular vision is an adaptation found in many animals that benefit from good depth perception.

TRUE

75) Sour sensations occur when H+ binds to taste receptor cells

TRUE