chapter 5

death-deferral phenomenon

People tend to put off dying when there is an event to look forward to, such as holidays or birthdays spirit affect,s life expectancy; depression causes poor health and early death; ex: more people die 2 days after Christmas than before

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events, such as conservation,, but havent understood them

perceptual set (perceptual expectancy)

people's tendency to perceive things a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them, can lead to bias interpertations

stage theories

propose developmental stages

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS

which is marked by lifelong physical and mental abnormalities. The fetal damage may occur because alcohol has an epigenetic effect: It leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off

Edorphins

"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

More than half of all baseball MVPs since 1985 have been in the age range of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 18 to 21. 22 to 24. 30 to 34. 25 to 29.

25 to 29.

embryo

2nd developmental stage over the next 6 weeks heart and organs begins to form and beat

late adulthood

65 years and older

Placenta

A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply screens out many harmful substances

Postconventional morality (adolescence and beyond)

Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles. "People have a right to live." Kohlberg's critics have noted that his postconventional stage is culturally limited. It appears mostly among people from large individualist societies that give priority to personal goals, rather than from collectivist societies that place more value on groupn more collectivist India, morality is less a matter of personal choice and more a role-related duty (Miller et al., 2017). Kohlberg's theory can also be viewed as male-focused, given women's tendency to emphasize care for others in need over what is "fair"

Allan is 35. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not. None of these people are middle-aged. Only Beryl is middle-aged. All of these people are middle-aged.

Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not.

Risk of premature death

Chronic anger and depression

Mary Ainsworth (1979)

Designed the strange situation experiment,insecure attachment, marked either by anxiety or avoidance of trusting relationships. These infants are less likely to explore their surroundings; they may even cling to their mother. When she leaves, they either cry loudly and remain upset or seem indifferent to her departure and return Secure attachment (Moulin et al., 2014). In their mother's presence they play comfortably, happily exploring their new environment. When she leaves, they become distressed; when she returns, they seek contact with her

neurogenesis

Exercise also appears to stimulate neurogenesis—the development of new brain cells—and neural connections, thanks perhaps to increased oxygen and nutrient flow

middle adulthood

From the mid-30s to the mid-60s is considered middle adulthood. During this time, aging becomes more noticeable with wrinkles, graying hair, and health problems. At this stage an individual may meet their career goals and children will grow up.

t Jean Piaget

He studied children's developing cognition—all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating,Piaget's studies led him to believe that a child's mind develops through a series of stages, in an upward march from the newborn's simple reflexes to the adult's abstract reasoning power. schema assimilation and accomadation Researchers also believe Piaget and his followers underestimated young children's competence.

Preconventional morality

Kohlberg's (before age 9) Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards. "If you steal the medicine, you will go to jail."

Conventional morality (early adolescence)

Kohlberg's Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order. "We are supposed to take care of our loved ones, so you should steal the drug."

______________ an important ingredient of social mentoring, provides the building blocks for thinking, noted Vygotsky

Language, age 7 They do this, Vygotsky said, by internalizing their culture's language and relying on inner speech (Fernyhough, 2008). Parents who say, "No, no, Bevy!" when pulling their child's hand away from a cup of hot coffee are giving their child a self-control tool. When Bevy later needs to resist temptation, she may likewise think, "No, no, Bevy!" ear (Berk, 1994). Whether out loud or inaudibly, talking to themselves helps children control their behavior and emotions and master new skills

infantile amnesia

Most of us consciously recall little from before age of 4 , Traces of forgotten childhood languages may also persist.

cross-sectional studies

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time. used in developmental psychology

longitudinal studies

Research that follows and retests the SAME people over LONG TIME

Some of our characteristics, such as _______________,and _____________ are very stable.

TEMPRAMENT and emotionality Moreover, children observed being repeatedly cruel to animals often became violent adults (Hensley et al., 2018). But on a happier note, the widest smilers in childhood and college photos are the ones most likely to enjoy enduring marriages (Hertenstein et al., 2009).

avoidant attachment

The other is avoidant attachment, in which people experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others. In romantic relationships, an anxious attachment style creates constant concern over rejection, leading people to cling to their partners. An avoidant style decreases commitment and increases conflict

Piaget and Vygotsky

Where Piaget emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the physical environment, Vygotsky emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the social environmen

Developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social development throughout the life span.

scaffold

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking vtgosky theory. example , math teacher helps students with concepts they don't understad until they can do it themself

signal detection theory

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness. motivation playd key role depends both on the intensity and physical psychological state of the person show if the person will notice the stimulus

cocktail party effect

ability to attend to only one voice among many (selective attention) unless your name is called

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm and malformation] alchol, chemical agents(can cause low birth weight), drugs, std, hiv, genital warts, herpes alcohol enters her bloodstream, and that of her fetus, it reduces activity in both their central nervous systems. Alcohol use during pregnancy may prime the woman's offspring to like alcohol and put them at risk for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder during their teen years. Smoking cigarettes or marijuana during pregnancy also leaves epigenetic scars that may increase vulnerability to stress or addiction

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation, touch is important to develop attachment and familiarity

Maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in learning, a baby can't walk until their body has physically developed to walk, potty train

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

According to recent research, one primary cause of Alzheimer's disease seems to be: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. lack of education or stimulation earlier in life, compounded by obesity. deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. normal aging, accelerated in some individuals. pruning or deterioration of unused neurons over the life span.

deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

a neurocognitive disorder (NCD, also called dementia).

disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults, neurocognitive disorders are also called dementia

attention blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logicFor a 5-year-old, the milk that seems "too much" in a tall, narrow glass may become just right if poured into a short, wide glass. children lack the concept of conservation—the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts, can understand peoples perspective on things

anxious attachment

in which people constantly crave acceptance but remain vigilant to signs of possible rejection.

assimilate

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas,

Early adulthood

is the period starting at 18 years of age to the mid-30s. This is the time when people are healthy and physically fit. Young adults will complete their education and begin a career. Cognitive development in early adulthood is characterized by impulsive behavior and growth in epistemic understanding. Sometimes people will get married and start a family during this time.

Crystalized intelligence (gc)

knowledge and skills gained through experience and education and the ability to access that knowledge; intelligence that tends to increase over the life span as you get older

Lev Vgotsky (continuity theorist)

learning language and social interaction is the key to thinking culture teaches us what and how to think learning is continous not stage based through our interactions with other poeople we become smarter

Zygote

less than half survive first couple weeks first stage attaches itself to the uterine wall outer part becomes placenta (provides nutrients for the child)

Men do not experience anything equivalent to _____; that is, they do not experience a cessation in fertility or a sharp drop in hormones.

menopause

June is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood.

middle

graph on 178

n

Your aging Aunt Luella has had a series of small strokes. These strokes can progressively damage her brain and are MOST likely to produce: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Alzheimer's disease. crystallized intelligence. neurocognitive disorder. menarche.

neurocognitive disorder.

hysical exercise in adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. MOST specifically, therefore, exercise facilitates _____ in the _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

neurogenesis; hippocampus

G. Stanley Hall (1904)

one of the first psychologists to describe adolescence, believed that this tension between biological maturity and social dependence creates a period of "storm and stress." It's a time of diminishing parental control (Lionetti et al., 2019). It's also a time when teens crave social acceptance, but often feel socially disconnected

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

accommodate,

our schemas to incorporate information provided by new experiences. Thus, the child soon learns that the original dog schema is too broad and accommodates by refining the category.

970s and 1980s in Romania. Having decided that economic growth for his impoverished country required more human capital, Nicolae Ceauşescu, Romania's Communist dictator,

outlawed contraception, forbade abortion, and taxed families with fewer than five children. The birthrate skyrocketed. But unable to afford the children they had been coerced into having, many families had to leave them at government-run orphanages with untrained and overworked staff. Child-to-caregiver ratios often were 15 to 1, so the children were deprived of healthy attachments with at least one adult.compared with children assigned to quality foster care, these socially deprived children had lower intelligence scores, reduced brain development, abnormal stress responses, and quadruple the rate of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD the adversity they have faced, consider the silver lining. their coping may have strengthened their resilience—their tendency to bounce back and go on to lead a better life. but leave scars some abused children abuse their own like harlows abused mokeys

end of history illusion

people tend to underestimate how much they will change in the future, despite knowing how much they have changed over time.

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predic

psycho -social factors of pain

presence of others, gender roles etc.

puberty

pruning of unused neurons and connections he continuing growth of myelin, the fatty tissue that forms around axons and speeds neurotransmission, enables better communication with other brain regions (Whitaker et al., 2016). These developments bring improved judgment, impulse control, and long-term planning teens' brains are just biased toward immediate rewards—which helps explain why teens worldwide struggle with self-control

Lawrence Kohlberg (1981, 1984)

reeing with Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg (1981, 1984) sought to describe the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong. Kohlberg posed moral dilemmas (for example, whether a person should steal medicine to save a loved one's life) and asked children, adolescents, and adults whether the action was right or wrong. His analysis of their answers led him to propose three basic levels of moral thinking: preconventional, conventional, and postconventiona

zone of proximal development

refer to the difference between what a learner can do working alone and what they can do with assistance

prospective memory

remembering to do something at some future time Teens and young adults surpass both young children and 70-year-old

phantom limb

sensations that appear to originate in a limb that has been amputated after an amputation, the person continues to experience the felt presence of the amputated limb. what happens is the region of the parietal lobe that normally receives signals from the amputated limb is no longer getting that input so neurons form connections with neurons in adjacent regions of the body map and because of this neuroplastic reorganization, the phantom limb is born.

Tips of chromosomes, called______________ wear down, much as the tip of a shoelace frays. This wear is accelerated by smoking, obesity, or stress. Breast-fed children have longer ____________ while those who suffer frequent abuse or bullying exhibit the biological scars of shortened ______________ (Shalev et al., 2013). As __________ shorten, aging cells may die without being replaced with perfect genetic replicas (Epel, 2009).

telomeres,

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth During the sixth month, organs such as the stomach develop enough to give the fetus a good chance of surviving and thriving if born prematurely. They also prefer hearing their mother's language.

seperation anxiety

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs

reminiscence bump

the empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other periods of their lives

If a pregnant woman experiences extreme stress,

the stress hormones flooding her body may indicate a survival threat to the fetus and produce an earlier delivery. And famine or malnourishment puts a child at increased risk for health problems such as hypertension, heart disease, obesity, and psychiatric disorders

gate-control theory

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain. Pain can be blocked by too many pain messages or it could be too small of a pain

Jonathan Haidt

thinks that morality is rooted in "moral intuitions" or quick, gut feelings that guide moral reasoning Moral action can depend on social influences

personal fable

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm, "vaping is just for fun, i wouldnt become an addict like others"

conception

when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote

Postlaunch Honeymoon

when parents become happier and more romantic as the last child moves out, happens if marriage is kept strong through parenthood

During the early teen years,_____________ endures, and reasoning is often self-focused. Capable of thinking about their own and others' thinking, teens also begin imagining what others are thinking about them and develop an intense awareness of this ____________

egocentrism imaginary audience.