Chapter 5 and 6 Quiz Review for Nutrition
enzymes
are metabolic work horses, act as a catalyst speeds up a reaction.
peptide bonds
Amino acids are linked by what kind of bonds?
deficiencies of the fatty acids are virtually unknown
Are deficiencies of essential fatty acids a concern? Why or why not?
1.2-1.7
Athletes may need slightly more _________ grams per kg.
emulsifier, bile. It breaks down the fats watery digestive juices, enzymes, bile emulsified fat
How are fats digested and absorbed in the small intestine?
11
____ amino acids are nonessential and can be made by the body
gluten
a protein found in wheat, rye,and barley and occasionally in some products such as vitamin and nutrient supplements, lip balms and certain medications.
unsaturated fatty acids
fatty acid carbon chain that possesses 1 or more proteins
emulsifier
keeps the fat dispersed
sterols
large molecules consisting of interconnected rings of carbon atoms with side chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen attached
chylomicrons
least density, transport fat to liver and tissues
unsaturated fats
liquid at room temperature
bile
made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder
hemoglobin
made up of 4 associated protein strands and carries oxygen in the red blood cells
acid base
maintains blood normal pH
fatty acids
make it soluble in fat
hormones
messenger molecules
polyunsaturated fats
more than one fats that are healthy fats found in plants and animals
HDL
pick up cholesterol, high
blood clotting
prevents dangerous blood loss
monounsaturated fats
single fats that are liquid at room temperature
saturated fats
solid at room temperature
LDL and HDL
these two lipoproteins play a major roles with regard to heart health and are the focus of most recommendations made for reducing the risk of heart disease.
LDL
transports cholesterol, lower bad, dump truck
transport system
transports lipids, vitamins, minerals, and oxygen around the body
VLDL
transports triglycerides
wheat, rye and barley
A gluten-free diet means not eating foods that contain__________,_____________, and _______________.
polypeptide
A string of 10 or more amino acids is known as a _________________________.
they build up in the tissues, and blood, and they spill out into the urine
Carbohydrate in fat breakdown without glucose present (what happens to fat)?
10%
Cholesterol intakes under________ per day
estrogen, vitamin D, bite
Cholesterol serves as the raw material for:
0.8
DRI recommended intake is _______ gram per kilogram of body weight.
No, blood cholesterol matters
Does dietary cholesterol matter?
biologically active compounds that regulate body functions
Essential fatty acids can be converted to eicosanoids, which are?
The continuous breakdown and synthesis of body proteins involving the recycling of "old cells". 5-6 % of calories needed to replace protein.
Explain the process of protein turnover.
phospholipids
Glycerol+two fatty acids+phosphorous, makes it soluble in water, can serve as emulsifier
after being chewed and swallowed, food travels to the stomach
How are fats digested and absorbed in the stomach?
nutrients, transport, energy, appetite, flavor, crispy,creamy, fuller "satisfy"
How are fats useful in food?
energy fuel, energy stores, emergency rescue, padding
How are fats useful to the body?
triglycerides
Most dietary fat and stored fat in the body and is made up of glycerol + 3 fatty acids
40%
Muscle tissue makes up how much of all the body's proteins?
EPA and DHA
Play roles in disease prevention, brain communication and human development
to meet immediate energy needs, to make glucose for storage as glycogen, to make fat for energy storage
Surplus amino acids are not stored; their amino groups are stripped off first and then the remains can be used to:
nitrogen, carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen
The elements found in protein:
it gives each one its own different identity and chemical nature
The side chains vary among the different amino acids and give the amino acid what characteristics?
not replacing that saturated fats.
What are other risk factors for heart disease?
lower blood pressure, preventing health issues, prevents chronic diseases, variety of nutrients and minerals
What are the 4 health benefits of eating a plant based diet
triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
What are the three classes of lipids?
fruit,vegetables,beans,legumes,nuts,beans,fish and seafood, meat and poultry, dairy, and Gluten free starches
What can celiac patients eat?
Surgery,pregnancy,childbirth,a viral infection, or severe emotional stress.
What can trigger celiac disease symptoms?
the body cannot make them
What does it mean if an amino acid is essential? How many amino acids are essential?
fat cells respond to the calls for energy by dismantling stored fat molecules and releasing fatty acids into the blood
What happens when the tissues need energy?
It can lead to fatigue, your immune system can start weakening
What happens when you do not eat the essential amino acids on a daily basis?
enzymes on the surface of the small intestines lining and within the absorptive cells split triple-tides and dipeptides.
What happens with protein digestion in the small intestine?
food arrives, hydrochloric acid denatures the protein strands, enzyme cleaves amino acid strands into polypeptides and a few amino acids.
What happens with protein digestion in the stomach?
irreversible change in a proteins folded shape brought by heat, acids, bases, and salts of have metals, or other agents
What is denaturation of proteins?
cardiovascular disease
What is the leading cause of death of adults in the U.S. and Canada?
animal fats
Where are the fatty acids found with saturated fats?
fish oils,vegetable oils
Where are the fatty acids found with unsaturated fats?
seafood, lean meats, poultry, eggs, legumes, nuts, seeds,grains,vegetables,soy products,dairy
Which food groups contain protein?
less rich in saturated fatty acids, more rich in polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat
Which foods should we consume more often to reduce CVD risk? Less often?
amino acid in a strand of protein are different from one another
Which is unique to protein?
because the body cannot produce linoleic and linolenic acids
Why do I need essential fatty acids?
celiac disease
an immune disorder in which people cannot tolerate gluten because it damages the inner lining of their small intestine and prevents it from absorbing nutrients.
amino acids that are electrically charged
attracted to water
Saturated fatty acids
filled with hydrogen, presence of a double bond "point of unsaturation"
cholesterol
found in animals, nonessential, it can be made by the body, forms plaques that cause atherosclerosis
fluid and electrolyte
regulates the quantity of fluids in the compartments of the body
amino acids that are neutral
repelled by water