Chapter 5 and 6 Quiz Review for Nutrition

enzymes

are metabolic work horses, act as a catalyst speeds up a reaction.

peptide bonds

Amino acids are linked by what kind of bonds?

deficiencies of the fatty acids are virtually unknown

Are deficiencies of essential fatty acids a concern? Why or why not?

1.2-1.7

Athletes may need slightly more _________ grams per kg.

emulsifier, bile. It breaks down the fats watery digestive juices, enzymes, bile emulsified fat

How are fats digested and absorbed in the small intestine?

11

____ amino acids are nonessential and can be made by the body

gluten

a protein found in wheat, rye,and barley and occasionally in some products such as vitamin and nutrient supplements, lip balms and certain medications.

unsaturated fatty acids

fatty acid carbon chain that possesses 1 or more proteins

emulsifier

keeps the fat dispersed

sterols

large molecules consisting of interconnected rings of carbon atoms with side chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen attached

chylomicrons

least density, transport fat to liver and tissues

unsaturated fats

liquid at room temperature

bile

made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder

hemoglobin

made up of 4 associated protein strands and carries oxygen in the red blood cells

acid base

maintains blood normal pH

fatty acids

make it soluble in fat

hormones

messenger molecules

polyunsaturated fats

more than one fats that are healthy fats found in plants and animals

HDL

pick up cholesterol, high

blood clotting

prevents dangerous blood loss

monounsaturated fats

single fats that are liquid at room temperature

saturated fats

solid at room temperature

LDL and HDL

these two lipoproteins play a major roles with regard to heart health and are the focus of most recommendations made for reducing the risk of heart disease.

LDL

transports cholesterol, lower bad, dump truck

transport system

transports lipids, vitamins, minerals, and oxygen around the body

VLDL

transports triglycerides

wheat, rye and barley

A gluten-free diet means not eating foods that contain__________,_____________, and _______________.

polypeptide

A string of 10 or more amino acids is known as a _________________________.

they build up in the tissues, and blood, and they spill out into the urine

Carbohydrate in fat breakdown without glucose present (what happens to fat)?

10%

Cholesterol intakes under________ per day

estrogen, vitamin D, bite

Cholesterol serves as the raw material for:

0.8

DRI recommended intake is _______ gram per kilogram of body weight.

No, blood cholesterol matters

Does dietary cholesterol matter?

biologically active compounds that regulate body functions

Essential fatty acids can be converted to eicosanoids, which are?

The continuous breakdown and synthesis of body proteins involving the recycling of "old cells". 5-6 % of calories needed to replace protein.

Explain the process of protein turnover.

phospholipids

Glycerol+two fatty acids+phosphorous, makes it soluble in water, can serve as emulsifier

after being chewed and swallowed, food travels to the stomach

How are fats digested and absorbed in the stomach?

nutrients, transport, energy, appetite, flavor, crispy,creamy, fuller "satisfy"

How are fats useful in food?

energy fuel, energy stores, emergency rescue, padding

How are fats useful to the body?

triglycerides

Most dietary fat and stored fat in the body and is made up of glycerol + 3 fatty acids

40%

Muscle tissue makes up how much of all the body's proteins?

EPA and DHA

Play roles in disease prevention, brain communication and human development

to meet immediate energy needs, to make glucose for storage as glycogen, to make fat for energy storage

Surplus amino acids are not stored; their amino groups are stripped off first and then the remains can be used to:

nitrogen, carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen

The elements found in protein:

it gives each one its own different identity and chemical nature

The side chains vary among the different amino acids and give the amino acid what characteristics?

not replacing that saturated fats.

What are other risk factors for heart disease?

lower blood pressure, preventing health issues, prevents chronic diseases, variety of nutrients and minerals

What are the 4 health benefits of eating a plant based diet

triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

What are the three classes of lipids?

fruit,vegetables,beans,legumes,nuts,beans,fish and seafood, meat and poultry, dairy, and Gluten free starches

What can celiac patients eat?

Surgery,pregnancy,childbirth,a viral infection, or severe emotional stress.

What can trigger celiac disease symptoms?

the body cannot make them

What does it mean if an amino acid is essential? How many amino acids are essential?

fat cells respond to the calls for energy by dismantling stored fat molecules and releasing fatty acids into the blood

What happens when the tissues need energy?

It can lead to fatigue, your immune system can start weakening

What happens when you do not eat the essential amino acids on a daily basis?

enzymes on the surface of the small intestines lining and within the absorptive cells split triple-tides and dipeptides.

What happens with protein digestion in the small intestine?

food arrives, hydrochloric acid denatures the protein strands, enzyme cleaves amino acid strands into polypeptides and a few amino acids.

What happens with protein digestion in the stomach?

irreversible change in a proteins folded shape brought by heat, acids, bases, and salts of have metals, or other agents

What is denaturation of proteins?

cardiovascular disease

What is the leading cause of death of adults in the U.S. and Canada?

animal fats

Where are the fatty acids found with saturated fats?

fish oils,vegetable oils

Where are the fatty acids found with unsaturated fats?

seafood, lean meats, poultry, eggs, legumes, nuts, seeds,grains,vegetables,soy products,dairy

Which food groups contain protein?

less rich in saturated fatty acids, more rich in polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat

Which foods should we consume more often to reduce CVD risk? Less often?

amino acid in a strand of protein are different from one another

Which is unique to protein?

because the body cannot produce linoleic and linolenic acids

Why do I need essential fatty acids?

celiac disease

an immune disorder in which people cannot tolerate gluten because it damages the inner lining of their small intestine and prevents it from absorbing nutrients.

amino acids that are electrically charged

attracted to water

Saturated fatty acids

filled with hydrogen, presence of a double bond "point of unsaturation"

cholesterol

found in animals, nonessential, it can be made by the body, forms plaques that cause atherosclerosis

fluid and electrolyte

regulates the quantity of fluids in the compartments of the body

amino acids that are neutral

repelled by water