EXS 455 Final Exam
upper body flexibility is assessed using the ____________, which is part of the Senior Fitness Test battery.
back scratch
which of the following is NOT an example of and instrumental ADL? bathing, laundry, grocery shopping, housework
bathing
which of the following medications can increase an older adult's risk of falling? Tylenol nazatidine ibuprofen benzodiazepine
benzodiazepine
While walking, the body's center of mass (COM) should continuously move ____________ the base of support.
beyond
what is the primary safety concern during musculoskeletal testing?
blood pressure increase
Which of the following are considered functional fitness tests? body comp motor agility speed/agility cardiorespiratory fitness
body comp, motor agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness
Which growth factor is most important for increased brain neurogenesis? insulin-like growth factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor platelet-derived growth factor somatotropin
brain-derived neurotrophic factor
the six-minute walk test is an assessment of what physical fitness parameter?
cardiorespiratory fitness
T/F: The International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics Taskforce recommended using the same guidelines for all residents despite their ability to perform ADLs and stand.
false
T/F: The Minimal Data Set 3.0 is a series of assessments that all assisted living facilities must administer to their resident each month.
false
T/F: The innervation ratio (muscle fibers to motor neuron) decreases with aging. This results in less control of voluntary movement.
false
T/F: Type of flooring and poor lighting are examples of intrinsic risk factors for falls.
false
T/F: based on evidence from rat brain studies, most neuroscientists believe hippocampal neurogenesis is not possible
false
T/F: because bob is having trouble hearing your exercise instructions, he may be one of the many older adults over 60 suffering from gout
false
T/F: communication with older adults is not important as long as you are using behavioral theories to guide your exercise program implementation
false
T/F: it is imperative you use glossy paper when printing educational materials for older adults because they are better able to grip the materials
false
T/F: long term care residents spend up to 50% of their waking time in sedentary activities
false
T/F: motivation changes over time, but does not differ across individuals
false
T/F: older adults experience an increased ability to retrieve words, often called the "tip of tongue" effect
false
T/F: older adults need moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity for a minimum of 20 minutes on 5 days each week or vigorous intensity for a minimum of 30 minutes on 3 days each week
false
T/F: older adults should always perform balance exercises separately from cardiovascular and resistance training exercises
false
T/F: older adults with hearing impairment have a more difficult time hearing low-frequency sounds
false
which test is not part of the STEADI assessment? 30-second chair stand TUG 4-stage balance test sit and reach
sit and reach
Which sensory system is concerned with touch, vibration, and pain?
somatosensory
Of the three strategies for maintaining postural control, especially from external perturbations, which is the most preferred by older adults even when the pertubation is small?
step
the two-minute step test involves which of the following pieces of equipment? stopwatches 18-in ruler masking tape 5 pound dumbbell
stopwatches and masking tape
Older adults have a reduced sympathetic nerve response resulting in a less forceful contraction of the heart. This will lead to a reduction in _____________.
stroke volume
There is __________ evidence sustained high levels (2.5 hrs/week of moderate-high intensity) physical activity can reduce the risk of Alzeheimer's disease by 40-50% and all-cause dementia by 25%.
strong
Researchers have shown posture is controlled by _______________ mechanisms.
supraspinal
Decreases in _______________ nerve stimulation can result in reduced contraction strength and end-diastolic volume.
sympathetic
One problem astronauts experience when they return to earth from microgravity is ___________________. This is why they don't immediately exit after landing.
syncope
technology-based exercise programs offer several advantages over traditional exercise programs that can contribute to a more enjoyable and stimulating exercise experience. which of the following is NOT one of these advantages?
technology is widely accepted by older adults
the two ares of the brain have been shown to improve with exercise; the ________ and the prefrontal cortex
temporal lobe
Which of the following is a reason for assessing the physical fitness level of older adults? to identify strengths of older individuals to help set goals to see progress toward goals
to identify strengths of older individuals, to help set goals, to see progress toward goals
Postmenopausal women who do not take exogenous estradiol experience a decrease in nitrox oxide regardless of exercise training. This leads to less positive adaptations to endurance exercise in women versus men.
true
T/F: Consistent positive associations have been found between physical functioning and cognition, particularly for fluid abilities such as executive function and processing speed.
true
T/F: Researchers recently found a blood test for a specific tau protein may serve as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Currently, the only way to confirm the disease is through autopsy of the brain.
true
T/F: The large number (polypharmacy) and types of prescribed medications can be a major cause of falls in older adults.
true
T/F: Upper extremity muscles change less than lower extremity muscles
true
T/F: as older adults progress in their resistance training efforts, it is important to begin to focus on faster movements to increase muscular power; assuming there are no obvious contraindications
true
T/F: interventions delivered via apps on mobile or wireless devices, such as smartphones or tablets, are collectively referred to as mobile health interventions
true
T/F: many effective approaches to enhancing delivery of care for older persons have been developed. however, dissemination and implementation have been a problem due to a lack of funding
true
T/F: one reason participants discontinue technology-based exercise interventions is because they are ashamed to play computer games
true
Older adults' resting heart rates are ________ when compared to young adults.
similar
What percentage of total motor units is lost per year beginning in the third decade?
1%
Walking speed is an important predictor of older adult falls. If an older adult walks slower than ----------- meter/second for 10 meters, they likely need an intervention to reduce their falls risk.
1.0
in 2017, what percentage of older adults in Kentucky met the CDC guidelines for cardiorespiratory and muscle strengthening exercises?
11.6
what is the range of the arm curl test scores for men aged 65-69?
15-21
older adults should engage in at least _____ sessions of resistance training each week
2
balance training for older adults should be conducted AT LEAST _____ times per week
2-3
Every _________ minutes an older adult dies from a fall.
20
Older adults can experience decreases inAVO2 difference between ___________%.
20-30
exercise can reduce the risk of fall-related injuries by _____%
32-40%
what percentage of older adults 65+ reported owning a smart phone?
53%
Flexibility exercises can be performed a maximum of ______ days per week
7
On average, the hair cells in the vestibular system decrease 40% by age _______.
70
Which BMI (according to BIA) is associated with presarcopenia for men?
8.51-10.75 kg/m^2
using table 2 in the Valenzuala et. al paper, what was the median adherence in all included studies that utilized a technology-based exercise intervention?
91.25%
how many people are predicted to be 65 years of age and older by the year 2060?
94.7 million
______ is NOT a common reason older adults choose to exercise?
Fear
which of the following states has the lowest percentage of older adults meeting the CDC guidelines for cardiorespiratory and muscle strengthening exercise? Kentucky California Nebraska Georgia
Kentucky
Which of the following flexibility activities are recommended for older adults? power cleans Tai chi yoga ballistic stretching
Tai chi and yoga
older adults who are unable to live independently, but do not require the level of care provided by a nursing home may choose to live in this type of facility?
assisted living
It is generally accepted that _________ muscle fibers are more effected by age compared to ________muscle fibers. However, there is evidence to suggest both types of fibers are equally effected.
Type 11, Type I
reflects the desire or ability to successfully age and remain in their home of choice, e.g. private home, condo, apartment, group settings
aging in place
Which of the following are resistance training options for older adults? bands and tubes free weights water
all
Which of the following are examples of intrinsic risk factors for falls? cognitive impairment gait impairment low vitamin D
all of the above
Which of the following could cause reduced stability in older adults? reduced ROM around ankle joint stroke fear of falling
all of the above
which of the following are ways to further challenge balance during balance training? dynamic movements that perturb the center of gravity stressing postural control muscle groups reducing sensory input live vision and hearing
all of the above
which of the following tests is part of the Short Physical Performance Battery? chair stand test gait speed test balance tests
all- chair stand test, gait speed test, balance tests
The cerebral vascular hypothesis states that exercise stimulates the growth of new capilaries in the brain. This process is called _________.
angiogenesis
Seeing the sidewalk ends and gravel begins, you decide to reduce your stride length and shuffle your feet.This is an example of ___________postural control.
anticipatory
Increased blood flow to the brain during physical activity may increase angiogenesis or the growth of new capillaries in the brain. This idea is referred to as the __________________.
cerebral circulation hypothesis
which of the following things should be considered when working with older adults? choice of music addressing participants by their first name older adults' life experiences
choice of music, addressing participants by their first name, and older adults' life experiences
in the Campelo et al study, participants who completed the exergaming reported the idea of training their ________ skills in addition to physical skills
cognitive
doing this contributes to a focus on increasing health span rather than lengthening life
compression of morbidity
gerontological research has shifted from lengthening life to increasing years of health. this goal is referred to as ______
compression of morbidity
which of the following is NOT an effect of exercise on the brain? cortex thickening angiogenesis hippocampal neurogenesis decreased brain synapses
decreased brain synapses
Maximum heart rate _________ with age.
decreases
Older adults can expect to see ______________in resting heart rate and ______________ in total blood volume after cardiorespiratory training.
decreases; increases
_________ is the primary event in aging muscle, especially in those >80 years old.
denervation
Decreased resistance to blood flow in the aorta and arterial tree may result in increased size of the left atrium.
false
Inactive older adults experience a reduction in cardiac output due to moderate increases in stroke volume and gradual decreases in maximal heart rate.
false
T/F: Assessing power in older adults is not a good idea because they shouldn't perform fast and explosive movements
false
T/F: BAM is an acronym for Better through Active Movement
false
T/F: Brain games have far reaching positive effects on executive function similar to long-term exercise training.
false
T/F: Older adults should perform resistance training at least 3 times per week on consecutive or non-consecutive days.
false
T/F: Older adults who have fallen once are much less likely to fall again, but they are much more careful.
false
T/F: Protein supplementation in older adults can increase muscle mass without the addition of strength training.
false
T/F: Seino et al. (2019) found exercise arrangement (exercising with others, not exercising, exercising alone) had little effect on maintaining mental health, but exercising with others enhanced physical function and mental health in both men and women.
false
T/F: Skinfold testing is a useful measure of body composition for older adults, especially those 85 years of age and older.
false
T/F: Stepping in a hole or being bumped in a crowd involves anticipatory postural control to keep your balance.
false
T/F: Sue exercises regularly and does not have signs or symptoms of cardiovascular, metabolic, or renal disease, however, because she is 90 years old, she should obtain medical clearance prior to beginning a light to moderate intensity exercise program
false
T/F: there is a shortage of adequately prepared geriatric nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, social workers, and public health professionals. Rowe et al. suggest one reason is most clinical professionals are not interested in working with older patients.
false
which type of muscle fiber decreases the most with age?
fast twitch
which type of muscle fiber decreases with age?
fast twitch
postural stability can be assessed by administering the _________________ test.
functional reach test
a specialized area of study within the larger discipline of kinesiology that focuses on understanding how physical activity influences all aspects of health and well being in the older adult population and the aging process in general
gerokinesiology
which is an example of an activities of daily living? grooming, walking, running, climbing stairs
grooming
________ describes the process of cells dividing and reproducing a limited number of times?
hay flick limit
_______ is NOT a typical characteristic of the frail elderly?
high socioeconomic status
which brain structure is most responsible for long-term memory?
hippocampus
what type of facility is necessary for an individual who needs supportive and palliative care at the end of his/her life?
hospice care
Which of the following is NOT a suggested contribution to anabolic resistance of protein synthesis? decrease in anabolic signaling proteins decrease in postprandial amino acid availability increase in muscle uptake of dietary amino acids decrease in postprandial muscle perfusion
increase in muscle uptake of dietary amino acids
theory that states there is a "backup copy" of youthfulness info stored in the body. its a loss of info that drives aging cells to forget how to function, to forget what type of cell they are. scientists can now tap into a reset switch that restores the cell's ability to read the genome correctly again, as if it was young.
information theory of aging
select components of fluid abilities: inhibition working memory capacity processing speed long-term memory
inhibition working memory capacity processing speed
Caloric restriction MAY increase the human lifespan by effecting which of the following metabolic pathways?
insulin signaling, mTOR, sirtuin-I
What kind of posture restricts movement the most?
kyphotic
all of the following are essential components of modeling EXCEPT" mastery attention motor production retention
mastery
the health care needs of older adults coping with multiple chronic conditions accounts for the vast majority of _______ expenditures.
medicare
____________ pertubations are a particular problem for older adults and often result in falls.
mediolateral
The ability to move independently and safely from one place to another is called....
mobility
the ability to move independently and safely from one place to another is called...
mobility
There is __________ evidence showing long-term physical activity can slow down the normal cognitive aging process.
moderate
Devereux & Fitzgerald (2016) found successful older adult interventions should include all of the following EXCEPT: fun led by knowledgeable instructors able to create social connections more challenging than the participants expect
more challenging than the participants expect
physical activity self-definitions depend on all of the following EXCEPT: motivation to engage in the behavior motivation to stop the behavior perceptions about the behavior significant others acknowledge that self-definition
motivation to stop the behavior
What are the three intrinsic systems that contribute to balance and mobility?
motor, sensory, and cognitive
as part of their weekly physical activity, older adults should do _________ physical activity
multicomponent
Which of the following evidence-based programs specifically focuses on managing chronic diseases like diabetes? matter of balance enhance fitness Go4Life
none of the above
Which of the following is false regarding changes in muscular strength with age? Muscles of upper extremities change less than lower extremities Maximal strength achieved in 20's or 30's Isometric strength changes little until after 6thdecade
none of the above
The Olympic athlete discussed in the presentation was able to perform at a high level for two decades primarily due to a steady increase in _______________.
oxygen pulse
the following quote from an older adults suggests they do not see ________ in physical activity. "I'm not participating in exercise because I must have been doing something right or I wouldn't be in such good health"
perceived value
Which of the following sensory disabilities is a common symptom associated with Type I and II diabetes?
peripheral neuropathy
as we age our ability to overcome the demands of the environment is determined by our __________
physiological reserve
Bill has been sedentary for years, but because he was an avid exerciser, he is familiar with and expects soreness after his initial exercise sessions. Bill's previous _______________ or feelings of soreness will help improve his self-efficacy to exercise.
physiological/emotional states
Which part of the brain is important for executive function, focus, and shifting attention?
prefrontal cortex
which of these brain structures is most vulnerable to the effects of aging and neurodegeneration disease? cerebellum olfactory bulb cerebrum prefrontal cortex
prefrontal cortex
process or group of processes occurring in a living organism that lead to loss of adaptability, functional impairment, and eventually death
primary aging
You do not see a sheet of ice on the sidewalk and must adjust to keep from falling. This is an example of ___________postural control.
reactive
the interaction between the individual, the environment, and the behavior is called
reciprocal determinism
which of the following does not describe motivation among the older population? includes perceptions of performance relatively the same over time and between individuals includes choices of what tasks to do
relatively the same over time and between individuals
which of the following is not typically a source of efficacy information? vicarious experiences mastery experiences social persuasion religious and political beliefs
religious and political beliefs
_______ was traditionally defined as a decline in muscle mass due to aging.
sarcopenia
aging due to the effects of environment and disease
secondary
