Chapter 5 Terms & Learn Smart
Job content factors that create motivation include:
achievement recognition, characteristics of the work responsibility stimulating work and advancement
David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the:
acquired needs theory
job design
also referred to as job redesign or work design, refers to any set of activities that alter jobs to improve the quality of employee experience and level of productivity
content theories of motivation
are based on the idea that an employee's needs influence his or her motivation
McGregor's Theory Y is a more positive set of assumptions managers have about employees including that they:
are creative self-engaged responsible creative
Managers can use McClelland's Acquired Needs theory to motivate employees when they
assign tasks set goals provide feedback design the job
Esteem
need for reputation, prestige, and recognition from others. Also includes need for self confidence and strength
Jobs designed using Taylor's scientific management methods often create problems such as
poor mental health ob dissatisfaction higher levels of stress low sense of accomplishment and personal growth
Valence, as used in Vroom's expectancy theory refers to the:
positive or negative value people place on outcomes
According to equity theory, people compare
their own inputs to the outputs received by others their own inputs and outputs to those of relevant others
Three innate needs
Competence - I need to feel efficacious Autonomy-I need to feel independent to influence my environment. Relatedness - I want to be connected with others
Safety
Consists of the need to be safe from physial and psychological harm
The theories that focus on what people need to motivate them are ______________ theories. The more dynamic theories that focus on how to motivate them are _____________ theories.
Content Process
Self-actualization
Desire for self-fulfillment
Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?
Self-Actualization Esteem Love Safety Physiological
Love
The desire to be loved and to love. Includes the needs for affection and belonging
Douglas McGregor called managers' pessimistic assumptions toward employees:
Theory X
McGregor's Theory __________ proposes a set of assumptions about people at work: that they are responsible, creative, and committed.
Y
equity theory
a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships
Theory Y
a modern and positive set of assumptions about people at work: that they are self-engaged, committed, responsible, and creative
Theory X
a pessimistic view of employees: that they dislike work, must be monitored, and can only be motivated with rewards and punishment
Herzberg's motiving factors include:
achievement recognition characteristics of work responsibility advancement
self-determination theory
assumes that three innate needs influence our behavior and well-being - competence, autonomy, and relatedness
although not supported by research, Herzberg's two-factor theory is useful because:
building motivators into a ob is the core of job design positive recognition to reinforce performance increases intrinsic motivation it is harder to motivate someone who is dissatisfied with pay or working conditions
job rotation
calls for moving employees from one specialized job to another
An unfair social exchange, such as not being paid for overtime worked, is likely
cause cognitive dissonance that prompts action lead to changes in attitude or behavior create the need for the employee to correct the situation
Equity theory, which states that we try to eliminate perceived unfairness in social exchanges, is based on:
cognitive dissonance theory
Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce:
combinations of desired outcomes
Self-determination theory assumes that three innate needs, ___________, autonomy, and relatedness drive our behavior
competence
three innate needs
competence, autonomy, relatedness
The personal factors that moderate the effectiveness of the core job characteristics include
context satisfactions such as pay and co-workers the strength of an individual's need to grow knowledge and skill
According to Locke and Latham's research on the mechanisms behind goal setting theory, goals:
create persistence direct attention regulate effort foster development
needs
defined as physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior
Process theories of motivation
describe how various person factors and situation factors in the organizing framework affect motivation
valence
describes the positive or negative value people place on outcomes
motivation
describes the psychological processes "that underlie the direction, intensity and persistence of behavior or thought"
Interactional Justice
describes the quality of the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented
The job characteristics model builds intrinsic motivation by:
designing jobs with the five core characteristics
need for power
desire to influence, coach, teach, or encourage others to achieve
in Herzberg's theory, the absence of grievance about hygiene factors
does not create motivation
In equity theory, inputs can include:
education/training, skills, creativity, seniority, age, personality traits, efforts expended, experience personal appearance
Among the lessons to be learned from equity and justice theories are:
employees want a voice in decisions that affect them employee perceptions about reward systems and procedures are what is important An appeals process is important to employees feeling of equity.
Psychologist J. Stacy Adams first applied ___________ theory in the workplace
equity
the theory that explains how people strive for fairness in social exchanges is ____________ theory.
equity
The outcomes of a equity comparison include which of the following?
equity positive inequity negative inequity
Maslow's needs hierarchy theory would predict that once the need for love is satisfied, the need for _________ will emerge as the most powerful.
esteem
Vroom's ____________ ___________ requires that all three of the elements must be high for motivation to be high
expectancy theory
pay raises, promotions, and recognition are examples of
extrinsic motivators
Successful people tend to have __________ orientation in common.
goal
If you are trying to complete a term paper by the due date, setting a goal of avoiding a late penalty will help to direct your attention away from ______________-_____________ activities
goal-irrelevant
Locke and Latham's theory is that:
goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance than general goals Certain conditions are necessary for goal setting to work Performance feedback and participation in deciding how to achieve goals are necessary but not sufficient for goal setting to work Goal achievement leads to job satisfaction
Managers should design jobs that fulfill _________ level needs to create committed and motivated employees.
higher
expectancy theory
holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes
Herzberg proposed that individuals will experience the absence of job dissatisfaction when they have no grievances about _______________ factors.
hygiene
Content Theories
identify internal factors such as needs and satisfaction that energize employee motivation
Job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments are know as _____________ deals.
idiosyncratic
motivating factors or motivators
including achievement, recognition, characteristics of the work, responsibility, and advancement - cause a person to move from a state of no satisfaction to satisfaction
Hygiene factors
including company policy and administration, technical supervision, salary, interpersonal relations with one's supervisor, and working conditions - cause a person to move from a state of no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction
Job crafting is expected to result in:
increased employee engagement improved employee performance
Hygiene factors that create job context include
inefficient company administration poor pay a lack of safe working conditions
education, skills, creativity, experience, and personal appearance can all be perceived as ___________ in Adam's equity theory.
inputs
The question "What intrinsic and extrinsic rewards will I receive if I achieve my desired level of performance?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
instrumentality
the goals of the bottom-up form of job design known as idiosyncratic deals include improving ________________ motivation and productivity through individual arrangement such as scheduling flexibility.
intrinsic
voice climate
is one in which employees are encouraged to freely express their opinions and feelings
voice
is the discretionary of formal expression of ideas, opinions, suggestions, or alternative approaches directed to a specific target inside or outside of the organization with the intent to change an objectionable state of affairs and to improve the current functioning of the organization.
The approach to job design in which individual make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as:
job crafting
Any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific job activities to improve the quality of employee job experience and motivation is:
job design
The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is
job enlargement
Managers can improve feelings of inequity over pay by:
making sure objective measures for rewards are understood communicating reasonable expectations
goal specificity
means whether a goal has been quantified
job enrichment
modifies a job such that an employee has the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, stimulating work, responsibility, and advancement
An important lesson from Maslow is that once a need is fulfilled, it no longer __________ an individual
motivates
An important lesson from Maslow is that once a need is fulfilled, it no longer ____________ an individual.
motivates
The psychological mechanisms that guide the intensity of one's behaviors are known as:
motivation
Hunger or thirst are examples of physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior known as ______________
needs
intrinsic motivation
occurs when an individual is turned on to one's work because of the positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well
According to David McClelland's acquired needs theory
one need often predominates over the others
The theory that uses our perceptions of _____________, ___________, and comparisons of ratios to others is equity theory
outputs, inputs
Elements of equity theory
outputs, inputs, comparison
Goals lead to higher performance when:
participation is used to build commitment to a specific goal feedback is used to stay focused on the goal
outputs recognized as positive outcomes in equity theory include
pay/bonuses medical benefits challenging assignments job security promotions status symbols recognition participation in important decisions
procedural justice
perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions
McClelland's power need has two sides. The need for ______ power refers to the desire to manipulate and control others for self-gratification. The need for ________ power refers to the desire to organize others to achieve organizational goals.
personal institutional
The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make organizational decision is:
procedural justice
According to research on the elements of organizational justice, which two of them relate strongly to desired outcomes?
procedural justice distributive
job characteristics model
promote high intrinsic motivation by designing jobs that possess the five core job characteristics
Using McCelland's theory to motivate an employee with high need for achievement would include:
providing balanced feedback so they can improve performance assigning challenging but achievable projects
job enlargement
puts more variety into a worker's job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty
distributive justice
reflects the perceived fairness of the way resources and rewards are distributed or allocated
idiosyncratic deals (i-deals)
represent employment terms individuals negotiate for themselves, taking myriad forms from flexible schedules to career development
expectancy
represents an individual's belief that a particular degree of effort will be followed by a particular level of performance
job crafting
represents employees' attempts to proactively shape their work characteristics
Extrinsic motivation
results from the potential or actual receipt of extrinsic rewards
the job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job __________________
rotation
The method of job design that draws from observation, experiments, and reasoning is _________________ _________________
scientific management
What are some of the factors that research has shown to affect expectancy in Vroom's model of motivation?
self-efficacy time pressures task difficulty ability and knowledge resources support from peers leader behavior organizational climate
The quantifiability of a goal is known as goal __________________
specificity
need hierarchy theory
states that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization
scientific management
that kind of management which conducts a business or affairs by standards established by facts or truths gained through systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning
Douglas McGreor's book, which formulated two contrasting views of human nature is:
the Human Side of Enterprise
need for achievement
the desire to excel, overcome obstacles, solve problems, and rival and surpass others
need for affiliation
the desire to maintain social relationships, to be liked, and to join groups
instrumentality
the perceived relationship between performance and outcomes
Job enrichment is the job design method that uses ____________ loading to improve motivation
vertical
motivator-hygiene theory
which proposes that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different sets of factors - satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from hygiene factors
acquired needs theory
which states that three needs-for achievement, affiliation, and power-are the key drivers of employee behavior
Process Theories
Focus on explaining the process by which internal factors and environmental characteristics influence employee motivation
The theory that proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from the absence or weak presence of hygiene factors is based on research done by:
Frederick Herzberg
Herzberg's theory classified company administration, salary, and working conditions as ____________ factors.
Hygiene
Jamie just finished learning to use the company's scheduling program for employees in her department. Her satisfaction with her herself and good feelings are examples of:
Intrinsic motivation
Self-determination theory emphasizes intrinsic motivation because:
It is longer lasting and more positive than extrinsic motivators
Frederick Herzberg's theory states that:
Job dissatisfaction is associated with hygiene factors managers can improve motivation by improving both motivators that create satisfaction and hygiene factors that reduce dissatisfaction job satisfaction is associated with motiving factors
Among the content theories of motivation are:
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y Maslow's need hierarchy theory Acquired needs theory Self-determination theory Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory
Physiological
Most basic need. Entails having enough food, air, and water to survive
The theories that focus on the process by which internal factors influence employee motivation are known as:
Process theories
The top-down approaches to job design include:
1. Scientific Management 2. Job Enlargement 3. Job Rotation 4. Job Enrichment 5. Job Characteristic Model
The acquired needs in McClelland's acquired needs theory include the:
Need for achievement Need for affiliation Need for Power
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, the need to maintain social relationships and join groups is the:
Need for affiliation
The National Labor Relations Act supports the right of certain employees to discuss compensation in which of the following situations?
On social media outside work time