Chapter 5: The Central Nervous System

true or false The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system carries information about the external environment and status reports on internal activities to the CNS.

false afferent

true or false The thalamus exerts an inhibitory effect on motor activity by acting through neurons in the brain.

false basal nuclei

True or false The cerebrum is the oldest part of the brain in evolution.

false brain stem

true or false The brain can produce ATP in the absence of oxygen.

false cannot

true or false The vestibulocerebellum helps maintain balance; smoothes out fast, phasic motor activity; and enhances muscle tone.

false cerebellum

true or false The cerebellum plays a role in planning and initiating voluntary activity by providing input to the cortical motor areas.

false cerebrocerebellum

true or false Cerebrospinal fluid is formed in the astrocytes.

false choroid plexus

true or false Ascending tracts relay messages from the brain to efferent neurons.

false descending

true or false The cell bodies of afferent neurons are in the CNS.

false efferent

true or false There are seven pairs of lumbar nerves.

false five

true or false The following states of consciousness are listed in decreasing order of level of arousal: coma, sleep, wakefulness, and maximum alertness.

false increasing

true or false The brain's overall level of activity is reduced during sleep.

false is not reduced

true or false EEG during paradoxical sleep is different than that of a wide-awake person.

false it's the same

true or false The areas of the brain responsible for for language ability are only in the right hemisphere.

false left

true or false Short-term memory is believed to involve relatively permanent functional or structural changes between existing neurons in the brain.

false long term

true or false The endocrine system is responsible for coordinating rapid precise responses.

false nervous system

true or false Astrocytes form myelin sheath in CNS.

false oligodendrocytes

true or false The motor cortex on each side of the brain primarily controls muscle on the same side of the body.

false opposite

true or false Stellate cells in the cortex send fibers that terminate on the efferent neurons that innervates the skeletal muscles.

false pyramidal cells

true or false The nervous system has a very slow speed of response.

false rapid

true or false In the nervous system, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic knob.

false synaptic cleft

true or false The cell bodies of efferent neurons originate in the gray matter and send axons out through the ventral root.

true

true or false The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

true

true or false The cerebellum does not have a direct influence on the efferent motor neurons.

true

true or false The cerebellum plays an important role in the planning, initation, and timing of certain kinds of movement.

true

true or false The development of LTP (long term potentiation) involves changes in both the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at a given synapse.

true

true or false The ependymal cell lining of the ventricles contributes to the formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

true

true or false The nervous system directly or indirectly controls the secretion of many hormones.

true

true or false The spinocerebellum ensures accurate timing of various muscle contractions to coordinate movement.

true

true or false The subcortical regions include the basal nuclei, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus.

true

true or false There are different receptors for warmth, cold, light touch, pressure, and pain in the skin.

true

true or false Numerous hormones and neuropeptides affect learning and memory processes.

true

______ matter consists predominantly of densely packaged cell bodies and their dendrites as well as glial cells. Bundles or tracts of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) constitute the _____ matter.

Grey, white

_______ phagocytes cells are the scavenger of the CNS.

Microglia

__________ form the insulative myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS.

Oligodendrocytes

_______ fibers carrying incoming singals enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root; ______ fibers carry outoging signals leave through the ventral root.

Afferent, efferent

______ serve as a scaffold to guide neurons to their proper final destination during fetal brain development.

Astrocytes

_____ which is responsible for speaking ability, is located in the left______. _______ are, located in the left ____at the junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, is concerned with language comprehension.

Broca's, frontal lobe, Wernick's, cortex

______ is the acquisition of knowledge or skills as consequence of experience, instruction, or both, and is a change behavior that occurs as a result of experiences.

Learning

_______ is the ability to direct behavior toward specific goals.

Motivation

_____ sleep can be considered either the deepest sleep or the lightest sleep.

Para doxical

In ____ sleep, most muscles are completely relaxed.

REM

There are three classes of neurons: ______, ________, and ______.

afferent, efferent, interneurons

Which structure controls eye movement? a. spinocerebellum b. cerebrocerebellum c. vestibulocerebellum d. medulla oblogata e. retinal plexus

b. cerebrocerebellum

In which form of short term memory is calcium entry into the presynaptic terminal enhanced? a. paradoxical b. sensitization c. aphasias d. habitutation e. amnesia

b. sensitization

The ______ contains the medulla, pons, and midbrain.

brain stem

The ________ is the largest portion of the human brain.

cerebellum

Each cerebral hemisphere is composed of a thin outer shell of gray matter called __________

cerebral cortex

The ________ carries information to the CNS.

different division

A(n) _______ is a bundle of peripheral neuronal axons, some afferent and some efferent, that are enclosed by a connective-tissue covering.

nerve

The study of the relationships between the nervous and endocrine systems is called _______.

neuroecrinology

The _____ are primarily responsible for receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat cold, pain from the surface of the body. These sensations are collectively known as __________.

parietal lobes, somesthic sensation

The innermost meningeal layer, the _____ is the most fragile. It is highly vascular and closely adheres to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.

pia mater

The brain stem consists of the ______, _________, and _________.

pons, medulla, mid brain

true or false Slow-wave sleep is characterized by REM.

false Paradoxical

Interneurons lie entirely within the ______.

CNS

_______ refers to subjective awareness of the external world and self.

Consciousness

Which of the following is a language disorder caused by damage to specific cortical areas? a. amblyopia b. hydrocephalus c. Alzheimer's disease d. epilepsy e. schizophrenia

a. amblyopia

true or false Efferent neuron cell bodies are located adjacent to the spinal cord.

false afferent

true or false The 31 pairs of spinal nerves, along with the 12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the brain, constitute the entire peripheral nervous system.

true

Which type of sleep is characterized by having progressively slower EEG waves of higher amplitude? a. REM sleep b. slow-wave sleep c. paradoxical sleep d. rhythmic sleep e. parenthetical sleep

b. slow-wave sleep

The subcortical regions include the _____, located in the cerebrum, and the ________ and _________ located in the diencephalon.

basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus

The nervous system is organized into the central nervous system, consisting of the ____ and ______, and the ________.

brain, spinal cord, PNS

Which disorder is known as lazy eye? a. amblyopia b. dyslexia c. aphasia d. Parkinson's disease e. schizophrenia

c. aphasia

Which is the outermost covering of the brain? a. pia mater b. arachnoid mater c. dura mater d. perineural sac e. epineural sac

c. dura mater

Which area of the brain produces hormones secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary? a. hippocampus b. basal nuclei c. hypothalamus d. corpus callosum e. thalamus

c. hypothalamus

The ______ plays a role in the planning and initiating of voluntary activity by providing the input to the cortical motor areas.

cerebro cerebellum

The spinal nerves are named according to the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge. There are eight pairs of _____ nerves, twelve pairs of ______ nerves, five pairs of _____ nerves, five pairs of ______ and one coccygeal nerve.

cervicle, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed primarily by the _______ found in particular regions of the ventricle cavities of the brain.

choroid plexus

____ refers to the total unresponsiveness of a living person to external stimuli, caused either by brain stem damage or by widespread depression of the cerebral cortex.

coma

The process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term memory stores is known as _________.

consolidation

This disease is characterized early as only short-term memory loss, but as the disease progresses, even firmly entrenched long-term memories are impaired. a. cerbrovascular accident b. dyslexia c. aphasias d. Alzheimer's e. Parkinsons's

d. Alzheimer's

This disorder is diagnosed when a large collection of neurons abnormally undergoes synchronous action potentials that produce stereotypical involuntary spasms and alterations in behavior. a. Alzheimer's disease b. schizophrenia c. Parkinson's disease d. epilepsy e. dyslexia

d. epilepsy

The basal nuclei are important in a. helping to monitor and coordinate slow, sustained contractions b. inhibiting muscle tone c. maintaining purposeful motor activity d. suppressing unwanted activity e. all of these

e. all of these

true or false The spinal cord is 26 to 30 inches long in most people.

false 18

true or false Efferent fibers carrying incoming signals enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root.

false Afferent

A collection of neuronal cell bodies located outside the CNS is called a(n) ________ whereas a functional collection of cell bodies within the CNS is referred to as a(n) _____________.

ganglion,, center or a nucleus

About 90% of the cells within the CNS are ____ or _____.

glial cells, neuroglia

The _______ controls body temperature, food intake, and thirst.

hypothalamus

The diencephalon houses two brain components: (1)______ and (2) _______.

hypothalamus, thalamus

A widespread network of interconnected neurons called the ______ runs throughout the entire brain stem and into the thalamus.

recticular formation

There are two types of reflexes: _______ (_______) refelexes and _______ (______) reflexes

simple (basal), acquired (condition)

In ______ sleep is a person is till has considerable muscle and frequently shits body position.

slow-wave

The dorsal and ventral roots at each level join to form a(n) _______.

spinal nerve

The ______ regulates muscle tone and coordinates skilled, voluntary movements.

spinocerebellum

The _____ serves as a "relay station" and synaptic integrating center for preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to the cortex.

thalamus

true or false About 90% of the cells within the CNS are neurons.

true

true or false Afferent neurons are shaped differently than efferent neurons and interneurons.

true

true or false All incoming and outgoing fibers between the periphery and higher brain centers pass through the brain stem.

true

true or false Binding of a hormone with target-cell receptors initiates a reaction (or a series of reactions) causing the hormone's final affect.

true

true or false Both the nervous and the endocrine systems influence other major control systems.

true

true or false Both the nervous and the endocrine systems influence their target cells by releasing chemical messengers.

true

true or false Damaged brain cells release abnormally large amounts of glutamate.

true

true or false Ependymal cells line the internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord.

true

true or false Epileptic seizures occur when a large collection of neurons abnormally generate synchronous action potentials that produce stereotypical, involuntary spasms and alterations in behavior.

true

true or false Glial cells do not initiate or conduct nerve impulses.

true

true or false Interconnections between interneurons are responsible for the abstract phenomena associated with the mind.

true

true or false Interneurons are between the afferent and efferent neurons.

true

true or false Most of the branches of the vagus nerve supply organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

true

true or false Serotonin and norepinephrine are synaptic messengers in the regions of the brain involved in pleasure and motivation.

true

true or false Simple awareness of touch, pressure, or temperature at the body surface occurs in the thalamus.

true

true or false The blood-brain barrier protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical fluctuations in the blood and reduces the possibility that harmful blood-borne substances could reach the central neural tissue.

true

true or false The hypothalamus is the area of the brain most directly involved in regulating the internal environment.

true

The ______ is important for the maintenance of balance and control of eye movement.

vestibula cerebellum