chapter 6-8
How did the market revolution affect western farming? Cyrus McCormick's reaper slowed down the process of harvesting wheat. Farmers in the Old Northwest used slave labor to expand their production. Farmers in the West found markets in the East for their crops and livestock. Farms in the eastern United States continued to grow more corn than in the West. John Deere's steel plow was mass-produced after the Civil War in 1865.
Farmers in the West found markets in the East for their crops and livestock.
The relationship between the national government and the states is called: the separation of powers. the New Jersey Plan. Federalism. the Virginia Plan. the Constitution.
Federalism.
In regard to Loyalists during the American Revolution: State governments encouraged free press, including opposition to American independence. The New England states forced Loyalists into militias against their will. Congress discouraged the idea of oaths of allegiance. Loyalists were sold into slavery in Canada. Freedom of expression was curbed during the American Revolution.
Freedom of expression was curbed during the American Revolution.
The first industry to be shaped by the large factory system was: textiles. guns. ironworks. pottery. shoemaking.
textiles.
Shays's Rebellion was significant because it demonstrated: that land distribution policies were out of date. that controversies over the emancipation of slaves could turn violent. that Congress's attempts to pass pro-debtor laws were unpopular with farmers. the need for a stronger central government. the chaotic nature of Indian policy after the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
the need for a stronger central government.
As a result of the American Revolution, Americans rejected: obedience to the male heads of household. the principle of hereditary aristocracy. the establishment of a republic. the definition of liberty as a universal entitlement. all kinds of organized religion.
the principle of hereditary aristocracy.
As a result of the religious freedom created by the Revolution: organized religion became less important in American life over the next thirty years. upstart churches began challenging the well-established churches. the number of religious denominations in the United States declined. violent struggles between religious groups were not uncommon in the backcountry. tax-supported churches flourished in every state in the new nation.
upstart churches began challenging the well-established churches.
Approximately how many free Americans remained loyal to the British during the war? 5 to 10 percent. 10 to 15 percent. 20 to 25 percent. 30 to 35 percent. 45 to 50 percent.
20 to 25 percent
What was the annuity system involving the U.S. government and certain Indian tribes? A system under which the Indians ceded land to the United States annually. A system under which the federal government gave annual monetary grants to Indians. A system that placed Indians on reservations. A system that allowed a percentage of Indians each year to attend American schools. A system where the states paid each local tribe an annual fee for their land.
A system under which the federal government gave annual monetary grants to Indians.
Why did many Northern states end black voting in the 1820s and 1830s? After gradual emancipation, there were more free blacks in the North who voted, and populist politicians like Andrew Jackson used white working class racism to win elections After gradual emancipation, many free blacks left the states where they had been enslaved, meaning there were few black voters The South put political pressure on the North to pass laws similar to those in the South There were no black voters in the North except for runaway slaves who voted illegally
After gradual emancipation, there were more free blacks in the North who voted, and populist politicians like Andrew Jackson used white working class racism to win elections
Which of the following is true of the Constitution of 1787 and slavery? Despite protests from southern delegates, the document permanently freed runaway slaves who made it to the "free air" of the North. The Constitution declared that all territories of the United States would be "free soil" where slavery would not be permitted. The Constitution explicitly protected the security of property in slaves in any state of the Union so that a slaveowner could move permanently with his slaves from South to North. The Constitution provided for half of a state's slave population to be counted in determining its membership in the House of Representatives. Although never using the word "slavery," the document protected several aspects of the institution.
Although never using the word "slavery," the document protected several aspects of the institution.
What was a factor in the nation's acquisition of Florida from Spain? Andrew Jackson led an army to invade Florida, subsequently killing British agents. Spain no longer mined for gold in Florida. Abolitionists hoped to create a refuge for fugitive slaves. Businessmen hoped soft sandy beaches would bring in tourist money. The United States seized Tallahassee.
Andrew Jackson led an army to invade Florida, subsequently killing British agents.
How did Catholic immigration affect labor politics in the early 19th century? Anti-Catholicism forced many immigrants into low-wage jobs, driving down wages and creating new pro- and anti-Catholic unions Catholic immigrants became the majority population in many cities, passing anti labor union laws because unions kept immigrants out of high paying jobs To avoid anti-Catholic prejudice, many immigrants converted to Judaism in order to get jobs, making many labor unions majority Jewish Many employers sought to employ free African Americans instead of Catholic immigrants because they believed black workers would not join unions
Anti-Catholicism forced many immigrants into low-wage jobs, driving down wages and creating new pro- and anti-Catholic unions
What did Shays' Rebellion (1786) and the Whiskey Rebellion (1794) have in common? Both began with political protests like petitions before turning to armed resistance Both protested the strong federal government imposed by the new Constitution Both sought to overthrow the state or federal government Both resulted in greater American unity after the rebellions were suppressed
Both began with political protests like petitions before turning to armed resistance
What was Congress able to accomplish with its Native American policy under the Articles of Confederation? Nothing; Congress was so powerless under the Articles that nothing happened in this area. It negotiated treaties for the tribes to keep their lands, but Congress was so lacking in power that the treaties proved useless. Congress demanded and received surrenders of large amounts of Indian land north of the Ohio River and in the South. Congress backed away from any involvement when land companies requested that the government step aside and leave the West's economic development in private hands. Congress recruited enough state militias to force the Native Americans off their land.
Congress demanded and received surrenders of large amounts of Indian land north of the Ohio River and in the South.
Which statement about corporations was true in the first half of the nineteenth century? Most Americans favored corporate charters with special privileges. The corporation was only a small part of the new market economy. Charters from the government strictly controlled corporations. Corporations were able to raise far more capital than the traditional forms of enterprise. A corporation could fail, leading to jail time for its directors and stockholders.
Corporations were able to raise far more capital than the traditional forms of enterprise.
Why did employers find wage work more attractive than the shop system? Employers no longer had obligations to provide workers with food, shelter, or health care It allowed many more workers to be trained in important skills, resulting in better products Unskilled workers could improve their skills and climb the ladder from unskilled to skilled positions Wage work allowed employers to attract more skilled male workers as federal taxes incentivized centralization of business
Employers no longer had obligations to provide workers with food, shelter, or health care
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was able to: establish national control over land to the west of the thirteen states. sign major treaties with France and Spain. create a new tax policy that would better fund the government. eliminate a provision giving judges power to reject congressional acts. block the passage of numerous constitutional amendments.
Hourly work offered more social freedom than living with a shop owner
Why did workers find wage work more attractive than the shop system? Hourly work offered more social freedom than living with a shop owner Hourly work offered a higher rate of pay than apprenticeship Hourly work allowed workers to save much more money and buy farms Hourly work allowed workers to move up the pay scale and eventually own their own businesses
Hourly work offered more social freedom than living with a shop owner
In regard to slavery, what did the Constitution do? It allowed slavery but also contained a potential method to end slavery. It fully defined who was a slave. It made slavery mandatory in the South. It ended the external slave trade immediately. It established a twenty-year limit on the buying and selling of slaves within the United States.
It allowed slavery but also contained a potential method to end slavery.
What was the biggest motivating factor in moving westward in the 1820s and 1830s? Land was cheaper. Gold existed just beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Slaves could escape to safe havens. Cotton could be grown in Ohio and Indiana. People were escaping religious persecution.
Land was cheaper.
Why did adoption of the Constitution face resistance? Many believed ordinary voters couldn't be trusted to vote wisely and all previous republican governments had been much smaller than the United States It was too radically different from the English model of government It was too different from the democratic French government which many Americans wanted to emulate It gave too many protections to women property owners and free black citizens, and required Congress to outlaw the slave trade by 1808
Many believed ordinary voters couldn't be trusted to vote wisely and all previous republican governments had been much smaller than the United States
In Gibbons v. Ogden, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that: the Louisiana Purchase was unconstitutional. Congress had the authority to create the Bank of the United States. New York could not grant a monopoly on steamboat navigation between New York and New Jersey. corporations were illegal because their potential to become monopolistic posed a threat to individual free enterprise. railroad workers had no right to strike since it interfered with national commerce.
New York could not grant a monopoly on steamboat navigation between New York and New Jersey.
The Erie Canal gave which city primacy over competing ports in accessing trade with the Northwest? Baltimore. Philadelphia. Boston. New York. Chicago.
New York.
In regard to voting for the states, what was a contentious issue? Being a Native American. Being an Anglican. Owning property. Not owning slaves. Being a woman.
Owning property.
Despite many slaves being emancipated during and right after the American Revolution, why did the number of slaves increase by 200,000 from 1776 to 1790? As compensation for the war, the British sent many slaves from the Caribbean to the United States. The Quakers gave up on the idea of trying to abolish slavery. Owning slaves in the South was seen as a key ingredient to economic autonomy. The North increased its demand for slaves and surpassed the amount of slaves residing in the South. In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson endorsed slavery.
Owning slaves in the South was seen as a key ingredient to economic autonomy.
During the American Revolution, what happened to the economy? The national government passed a law mandating prices that every state had to follow. Despite the war, the price for food dropped significantly. Some merchants hoarded goods. Congress urged that household items be bought with gold or silver. The government refused to issue paper money.
Some merchants hoarded goods.
What helped to encourage ratification of the Constitution? James Madison's refusal to include a Bill of Rights. The idea that the elite would run the country. Some workers thought it would give a boost to the economy. Thomas Jefferson's essays on government. The promise to Virginians that they would gain more western territory.
Some workers thought it would give a boost to the economy.
How did southern states react to the Constitution's provisions regarding slavery? South Carolina and Georgia immediately began importing increased numbers of Africans, because in twenty years, the international slave trade could be constitutionally prohibited. They refused to ratify the Constitution without assurances that a bill of rights would be added to protect their right to slave property. The personal opposition of Jefferson and Madison to slavery prompted Virginia to oppose ratification at first. They objected to the electoral college on the grounds that it ignored the number of slaves in their states and thereby reduced their power. They were critical of the provision in Article I allowing African-Americans to be armed during wartime.
South Carolina and Georgia immediately began importing increased numbers of Africans, because in twenty years, the international slave trade could be constitutionally prohibited.
What encouraged the building of factories in coastal towns such as New Bedford and even large inland cities such as Chicago by the 1840s? Such places generally had cheaper labor (usually consisting of African-Americans) than existed in the earlier, highly unionized factory towns such as Lowell and Pawtucket. Under Henry Clay's American System, federal and state governments subsidized factories in those locations. Steam power meant factories no longer had to be near waterfalls and rapids to generate the power. Factory owners were attracted by the highly skilled labor pool of German immigrants who settled in those areas. The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Gibbons v. Ogden removed obstacles to the placement of factories in densely populated areas.
Steam power meant factories no longer had to be near waterfalls and rapids to generate the power.
Which of the following is a check against presidential power in the Constitution? Only the Senate can override a president's veto. The Senate can impeach the president for "high crimes and misdemeanors." The Senate can remove the president from office after impeaching him. Congress can reject all presidential appointments. Although the president appoints Federal judges, they serve for ten years to ensure their independence.
The Senate can remove the president from office after impeaching him.
What policy did the new United States pursue in its dealings with Native Americans? The U.S. government generally left them alone because it was busy trying to restore order after the war. The U.S. government tried to protect them from encroachment by backcountry farmers, as required by the Treaty of Paris. The U.S. government set out to dispossess the Native Americans of their remaining rich lands and drive them westward. The U.S. government pursued a policy of outright extermination. The U.S. government recognized Indian claims to their traditional lands from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River.
The U.S. government set out to dispossess the Native Americans of their remaining rich lands and drive them westward.
How did the War for Independence affect anti-Catholicism in America? Anti-Catholicism increased when Quebec Catholics volunteered in large numbers for the British army. Because Americans resented Catholic France negotiating a separate peace with Great Britain, anti-Catholicism became more prevalent. Independence led the states to impose anti-Catholic laws that they had been unable to adopt when they were under British control. The alliance with France, a predominantly Catholic country, helped diminish American anti-Catholicism. Spain's wartime aid to Britain led Georgian colonists to attack Catholic missions in Florida.
The alliance with France, a predominantly Catholic country, helped diminish American anti-Catholicism.
What is the significance of Eli Whitney's cotton gin? The internal slave trade within the United States grew dramatically. The Atlantic slave trade continued to bring slaves in large numbers to the United States up until 1860. The Erie Canal became the primary waterway for shipping cotton. Cotton production decreased dramatically for twenty-five years. The federal government recommended using Indians as slaves.
The internal slave trade within the United States grew dramatically.
Why did apprenticeship and indentured servitude decline after the Revolution? King George III had supported them, and anything associated with the king was unpopular in the United States. Many apprentices and indentures had refused to fight in the Revolution, and their bosses, resenting them for it, got rid of them. Thomas Paine's criticism of them in Common Sense greatly influenced the many who had read his pamphlet. Northerners were outlawing slavery in their state constitutions and began to eliminate apprenticeship and indentured servitude as well amid southern charges of hypocrisy. The lack of freedom inherent in apprenticeship and indentured servitude struck growing numbers of Americans as incompatible with republican citizenship.
The lack of freedom inherent in apprenticeship and indentured servitude struck growing numbers of Americans as incompatible with republican citizenship.
How did westward movement affect the South? The lack of canals slowed down the use of slaves. The plantation slave-based economy was replicated in Alabama and Mississippi. Trade with the eastern United States was no longer seen as a priority. The South developed a highly effective and large railroad system to transport goods from west to east. Slavery did not expand west of the Appalachian Mountains.
The plantation slave-based economy was replicated in Alabama and Mississippi.
Which of the following contributed to the success of free trade advocates during the Revolutionary War? The publication of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations. Isaac Newton's explanation of the law of gravity as applied to economics. The failure of wartime tariffs to solve the problem of the national debt. Riots over inflation in the streets of Boston. Memories of the despised Intolerable Acts.
The publication of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations.
By banning the importation of slaves by 1808 with the Constitution, what did critics of slavery hope to accomplish? They wanted to start a civil war. They wanted to weaken the shipbuilding industry in the United States. They hoped cutting off the supply would eventually end slavery in the United States. They hoped the national government would focus on developing manufacturing. Their goal was to weaken the Quakers, who were critical of slavery.
They hoped cutting off the supply would eventually end slavery in the United States.
How did the Erie Canal & other projects change US economic development? They made it affordable for Southern plantations to expand into Texas Many were angry that the federal government didn't spend more money on infrastructure, causing an increase in taxes and triggering the Panic of 1837 They allowed eastern factories to sell their goods to western farmers and allowed Northern and western farmers to export agricultural products to the South They helped hasten the removal of Indians like the Cherokee by making it easier for the Army to travel on roads and canals
They allowed eastern factories to sell their goods to western farmers and allowed Northern and western farmers to export agricultural products to the South
How did Americans believe their revolution differed from others? They believed the American Revolution was restrained, civilized, and protected property rights and families, while the French Revolution and Haitian Revolution erased social boundaries, destroyed property, and were barbaric They believed that the American Revolution disrupted family relations, while the French Revolution and Haitian Revolution were too conservative in keeping women in the home They believed that the American Revolution was more revolutionary in its expansion of women's rights and rights for free blacks, while the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution did not go far enough They believed that the American Revolution was savage and barbaric because it was led by lower class mobs, while the French Revolution was restrained and led by intellectual elites
They believed the American Revolution was restrained, civilized, and protected property rights and families, while the French Revolution and Haitian Revolution erased social boundaries, destroyed property, and were barbaric
Why did the founding fathers create the electoral college? They did not; it was added to the Constitution after the disputed election of 1796. Small states insisted that they have a chance to play a role in choosing the president, and that wouldn't have been possible with direct elections. Alexander Hamilton wanted a king, James Madison wanted no president, and the result was this compromise so that there could be a president. They did not trust ordinary voters to choose the president and vice president directly. They knew the Constitution would make them unpopular, so they wanted to create a way to avoid letting voters choose the president, thereby giving themselves a chance to be elected.
They did not trust ordinary voters to choose the president and vice president directly.
What role did Native Americans play in the Revolutionary War? They all allied themselves with the British, who promised to protect them against American encroachment. They all allied themselves with the Americans, since the British had failed to protect them against American encroachment. Most tribes officially maintained neutrality but secretly aided one side or the other. They divided their allegiance, just as white Americans did. They volunteered to fight in the Continental army, but George Washington rejected them.
They divided their allegiance, just as white Americans did.
Why did Congress make the Articles of Confederation so weak? They feared instituting a powerful central government like the English Parliament, which they thought would take more and more power Southern colonies believed New Englanders were too radical on women's rights and voting for lower class men They admired the direct democracy of France after the French Revolution and wished to emulate it in America Southern colonies feared that a central government lead by New Englanders would outlaw slavery
They feared instituting a powerful central government like the English Parliament, which they thought would take more and more power
What does the omission of the word "slave" or "slavery" in the text of the original Constitution suggest about the founders? They wanted to end slavery as quickly as possible. They felt a reference to slavery tainted American ideals on liberty and equality. The institution of slavery was strictly an economic venture for them. They did not want the Constitution to allow slavery. They did not want slaves to see any references to themselves.
They felt a reference to slavery tainted American ideals on liberty and equality.
What key role did Loyalist exiles serve in Canada? They helped inspire future rebellions in Canada. Most wanted to ban slavery in Canada. They hoped to mount an attack on the United States in order to restore it as a British colony. They pushed for an alliance with France. They refused to trade goods with the United States.
They helped inspire future rebellions in Canada.
How did the Articles of Confederation compare to the Constitution in regard to sovereignty? Under the Articles, states had more autonomy, while the Constitution gave no powers to the states. Under the Articles, states had more autonomy, while the Constitution gave some powers to the states. Under the Articles, states had no power to run the country, while the Constitution gave more powers to the states. Under the Articles, states had some power to run the country, while the Constitution gave more powers to the states. Under both the Articles and the Constitution, the states and national government had equal power to run the country.
Under the Articles, states had more autonomy, while the Constitution gave some powers to the states.
How did the Articles of Confederation compare to the Constitution with regard to the economy? Under the Articles, states made more decisions about the economy than the national government. Under the Articles, states did not take an interest in their respective economies. Under the new Constitution, land distribution would benefit the poor. Under the new Constitution, current property holders were losing rights. Under both the Articles and the Constitution, the national government played a prominent role in economic decisions.
Under the Articles, states made more decisions about the economy than the national government.
Which type of government demonstrates a clear-cut separation of powers? Articles of Confederation. United States Constitution. Constitutional monarchy. Continental Congress. French monarchy.
United States Constitution
In the 1840s, nativists blamed immigrants for what? Epidemics in American cities. An increase in Protestant revivalism. Terrorism. A decline in the sales of alcohol. Urban crime and political corruption.
Urban crime and political corruption.
According to John O'Sullivan, the "manifest destiny" of the United States to occupy North America could be traced to: the Treaty of Paris of 1783. a divine mission. the Adams-Onís Treaty. the Bible. federal treaties with Indian nations.
a divine mission.
To deal with a wartime economic crisis in 1779, Congress urged states to: allow the free market to operate without regulation. adopt measures to fix wages and prices. establish food banks to distribute food to the needy. raise taxes on the wealthy. seek loans from friendly European governments.
adopt measures to fix wages and prices.
The British Navigation Acts contradicted the ideas: of Abigail Adams in her letter to her husband about women's rights. in Wealth of Nations. in Circle of the Social and Benevolent Affections. of the freedom petitions by slaves. Thomas Jefferson's "Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom."
in Wealth of Nations.
With regard to slavery, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787: allowed for new territorial governments to ban or permit the institution as they saw fit. allowed the importation of slaves into the Old Northwest for at least another twenty years. banned slavery in the area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River. made no difference, because the U.S. Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional the following year. gave slaveholders the right to recover slaves who escaped into the area north of the Ohio River.
banned slavery in the area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River.
An advantage of water transportation over road transportation was that: canals cost less to construct than roads. canal construction was easier to do than road construction. canal boats could haul much larger loads than wagons on roads. the federal government preferred to fund canal projects over road transportation. canals made Philadelphia the center of commerce for midwestern trade.
canal boats could haul much larger loads than wagons on roads.
During the first half of the nineteenth century, free black Americans: could not, under federal law, obtain public land. found, as whites did, that the West offered the best opportunities for economic advancement. rose in economic status, but more slowly than whites. joined with white artisans in biracial unions that successfully struck for higher wages. formed predominantly upper-middle-class communities in the North.
could not, under federal law, obtain public land.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787: established the policy to admit the area's population as equal members of the political system. regulated western land sales through a policy that was amicable to the Indians. abolished the Articles of Confederation and called for a second Constitutional Convention. was the first step in Alexander Hamilton's plan for economic growth. declared all Indian land to be the possession of the U.S. government.
established the policy to admit the area's population as equal members of the political system.
As designed by the Constitution: the president was elected by popular vote. senators were to serve two-year terms. federal judges were appointed by the president, not elected by the people. the congressional representatives were to be appointed by state legislatures. the Supreme Court justices were to serve ten-year terms.
federal judges were appointed by the president, not elected by the people.
The three-fifths clause in the U.S. Constitution: requires that all revenue bills receive a three-fifths affirmative vote in the U.S. House. gave the white South greater power in national affairs than the size of its free population warranted. explicitly declared that slaves were not fully human and were therefore undeserving of legal rights. made it easier to amend the Constitution than it had been to amend the Articles of Confederation. expired in the year 1808 because of a key sectional compromise at the Constitutional Convention.
gave the white South greater power in national affairs than the size of its free population warranted.
Republican motherhood encouraged: greater educational opportunities for women. a radical change in the patriarchal structure of the family. women to become public speakers for various social causes in the 1780s. widespread resentment among women. a significant increase in women's direct involvement in politics in the 1780s.
greater educational opportunities for women.
The new state constitutions created during the Revolutionary War: completely eliminated property qualifications for voting. became far more democratic in the southern states than in the northern states. greatly expanded the right to vote in almost every state. did nothing to change the composition of elite-dominated state legislatures. all retained tax-supported churches as a way of ensuring a virtuous citizenry.
greatly expanded the right to vote in almost every state.
The cult of domesticity: received very little support, which is why people referred to it as a cult, or a small fringe group. represented a significant break with the idea of republican motherhood. was based on the idea that women should be less dependent upon men. led to a decline in birthrates. meant that women would concede their household duties to domestic servants.
led to a decline in birthrates.
Racism in the North resulted in: limited economic opportunities for African-Americans. more opportunities for land for Native Americans. a reestablishment of slavery. African-Americans being the majority of factory workers. a civil rights movement that focused on segregation instead of abolition.
limited economic opportunities for African-Americans.
In response to the market revolution: the legal system worked with local governments to find better ways to regulate entrepreneurs. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that legislatures could not alter or rescind charters and contracts that previous legislatures had created. local judges protected businessmen from paying property damages associated with factory construction and from workers seeking to unionize. Massachusetts Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw held in Commonwealth v. Hunt that workers had no right to organize. corporations proved less able to raise capital than chartered companies did.
local judges protected businessmen from paying property damages associated with factory construction and from workers seeking to unionize.
The free black population after the Revolution: declined in number as newly freed slaves left the country whenever possible. often enjoyed the right to vote if its male members met taxpaying or property qualifications. all took the last names of their former masters. refused to provide havens for fugitive slaves because doing so would have led to the revocation of their own emancipation. avoided supporting the abolitionist cause out of fear of reprisals.
often enjoyed the right to vote if its male members met taxpaying or property qualifications.
The "American System of manufactures": owed a great deal to Eli Terry's development of interchangeable parts in clockmaking. originated among entrepreneurs in the Old Northwest before spreading to New England. referred to the production of specialty handmade goods by highly skilled artisans. was centered entirely on agricultural machinery. was nearly derailed by Chief Justice John Marshall's hostility to economic development.
owed a great deal to Eli Terry's development of interchangeable parts in clockmaking.
The efforts to emancipate slaves in the 1770s and 1780s: occurred only in the New England states. resulted entirely from voluntary work by slaveholders. included all slaves north of South Carolina. reflected the importance of property rights. were reversed in 1792 by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case.
reflected the importance of property righ
The women who protested during the Shoemakers' Strike in Lynn compared their condition to that of: indentured servants. slaves. Irish immigrants. religious dissenters. Indians.
slaves.
The Erie Canal: was far longer than any other canal in the United States at that time. attracted an influx of farmers migrating from Virginia and the Carolinas to the Northwest. was strongly opposed by residents of Buffalo and Rochester, who feared their cities would lose business. was championed by Pennsylvania governor William Findlay. proved economically unviable and was abandoned within a decade of its opening.
was far longer than any other canal in the United States at that time.
"Republican motherhood" was an ideology that held that: women should be granted suffrage rights. women played an indispensable role in the new nation by training future citizens. Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party represented maternal interests better than its opponents did. education was wasted on women, who should worry only about having many children to populate the republic. political equality of the sexes fit a republican society.
women played an indispensable role in the new nation by training future citizens.