Chapter 6, 9, 10

Studies suggest that no more than ________ of lost sleep is recovered following sleep deprivation.

30%

Hypercomplex cells in V1 would respond to which stimulus

A bar-shaped stimuli of a particular length as well as aspects of position and orientation.

According to the opponent process theory of color vision, what happens when "yellow" photoreceptors become fatigued?

A blue afterimage will appear

According to Ewald Hering, what happens when "yellow" photoreceptors become fatigued?

A blue afterimage will appear.

__________________ is the lowest intensity of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time.

Absolute threshold

___________ may promote the onset of sleep by inhibiting the activation of cholinergic neurons in the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS).

Acetylcholine

When the sleeping brain turns to violence, the behavior is considered an example of an_________, an involuntary complex response that occurs outside of conscious awareness.

Automatism.

_____________ may be targeted externally or internally and is associated with activation in the frontoparietal association areas.

Awareness

Chapter 7 over

Chapter 9 Begins

The most densely populated area of ___________ is in the fovea, where our vision is the sharpest.

Cones

What might be a mechanism underlying individuals who have narcolepsy?

Diminished hypocretin/orexin receptor binding.

An ______________ assesses brain wave activity.

EEG

An ______________ assesses eye movements.

EOG

__________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is found in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) along with GABA.

Galanin

Which of the following components of the ear actually forms synapses with the auditory nerve?

Hair cells

_____________ is associated with increased activity in the cingulate cortex and parahippocampal cortex.

Internal awareness

What is one of the first brain nuclei that receives visual information from ganglion cells in the retina?

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus.

Which of the following is most closely linked to the action of horizontal cells?

Mach bands

________ are sensitive to light touch and are concentrated in sensitive skin areas, such as fingers and lips.

Meissner's corpuscles

___________ is considered a sleep facilitator and has been investigated as a potential treatment for insomnia.

Melatonin

The ________ contains the area of the cochlea that contains the receptive cells (hair cells) for audition.

Organ of Corti

Long-term sleep deprivation often leads to a ___________ sleep rebound effect.

REM

________ occurs when one's eyes move back and forth during sleep and their brain wave activity appears like that of the waking state.

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

What is the correct order that light enters the body to control circadian rhythms?

Retina; retinohypothalamic tract; suprachiasmatic nucleus.

________ is detecting information about our environmental context.

Sensation

________ have been demonstrated in both sighted and congenitally blind subjects.

Similar mirror neuron networks

________ are observed in rats while learning a maze and a subsequent bout of sleeping.

Similar patterns of cortical and hippocampal activation

The suggestion that color vision provides information about health or emotional status is most consistent with ________.

Skin theory of color vision.

________ is characterized by waking episodes that invade the nighttime sleep structure such as pauses in breathing during sleeping, resulting in daytime sleepiness.

Sleep apnea

During which stage of sleep would it likely be the most difficult to wake someone?

Slow wave sleep (SWS).

Which of the following is the best example of multisensory integration?

The flavor of a food.

Which of the following lines of evidence supports the skin theory of color vision?

The lack of facial fur in some primates.

Why is it that dim stars in the night sky sometimes disappear when you look directly at them?

The light from the dim star is focused on cones in the fovea, which are less sensitive than rods.

________ have been found to be less effective in individuals who have an interrupted night of sleep.

Vaccines

The internal cavity of the eye is filled with a jellylike substance, known as the ______________.

Vitreous Humor

________ are environmental triggers which set circadian rhythms.

Zeitgebers

Which of the following statements about the blind spot is wrong?

a. There are no photoreceptors in the blind spot. Correct b. The axons of ganglion cells in the blind spot cannot produce action potentials. c. Higher cortical areas fill in the gaps of visual information left by the blind spot. d. The optic nerve exits the retina in the blind spot.

Brightness refers to the ________ of a light stimulus.

a. wavelength Correct b. intensity c. purity d. focus

The ___________ proposes that a dream is a storyline synthesized to turn random brain activity while asleep into something intelligible.

activation-synthesis model of dreaming

Sensory receptors and their corresponding receptive cortical areas ________ to changing modes of presentation.

adapt

The ________ suggests that animals evolved different sleep durations according to which helped them survive best.

adaptive theory of sleep

Adenosine is a byproduct of ___________ metabolism.

adenosine triphosphate

Despite their effect of reducing REM sleep, users of ________, do not exhibit cognitive side effects of REM sleep loss.

antidepressants

REM sleep is characterized by suppressed muscle tone, also known as ___________.

atonia

Firing of ganglion cells is considered a form of ___________ visual processing.

bottom-up

The ___________ contribute to producing and sustaining wakefulness by maintaining the fast desynchronized β waves during the waking hours.

cholinergic pons/midbrain areas

The koniocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) provide information about the ___________ of a visual stimulus.

color

Patients in _____________ show no signs of wakefulness or awareness

comas

The retina and LGN contain cells with a ___________ receptive fields.

concentric

________ are prepackaged visual perceptual templates of stimuli that we are likely to encounter

context frames

Lateral inhibition emphasizes a visual feature called ___________ which help detect edges in a visual stimulus.

contrast enhancement

The pupil and iris of the eye are covered by a transparent surface known as the ______________.

cornea

Tactile information arriving from the body is organized along specific ________, or body territories, each innervated by a specific spinal nerve.

dermatomes

Neural messages from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are related solely to the ________ of light in the environment.

detection

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) ________ physiological rhythms with a period shorter than 24 hours.

does not appear to control

The visual cortex located outside of the primary visual cortex (V1) is known as the ___________.

extrastriate cortex

Tactile stimulation following a brain injury results in ________.

facilitated functional recovery in a reaching task.

When humans segment sleep into first sleep and second sleep, ________.

first sleep is more SWS and second sleep is more REM

Area V3 responds to ___________..

form and motion

No single species of animal possesses the ability to ___________.

fully interpret the surrounding world

________ is detecting information about our environmental context.

hair cells

______________ fill in the visual gaps left by the blind spot.

higher cortical areas

The ___________ holds that the function of sleep is to provide rest and recovery.

homeostatic theory of sleep regulation

___________ process information in a lateral direction across the retina.

horizontal and amacrine cells

Lateral inhibition depends on ___________.

horizontal cells

Narcolepsy sufferers may exhibit impaired ________ neurotransmission.

hypocretin/orexin

The minimum amount that a stimulus must change for a subject to detect a difference in the stimulus intensity is called the ________.

just noticeable difference (JND)

Noradrenaline inputs from the ________________ promote wakefulness by activating neurons projecting from the thalamus to the cortex.

locus coeruleus

Research has indicated that _______ can be used to induce phase shifts, or realignment, in circadian clocks.

melatonin

Patients in _____________ may exhibit nonreflexive behaviors, such as visual tracking or responding to simple commands, but show no further evidence of awareness

minimally conscious states

Alpha (α) waves (8-12 Hertz), are ________.

more regular or consistent in their shape found in awake, but drowsy brains

Area V5 responds to ___________..

motion

The simultaneous integration of multiple sensory systems is called _______.

multisensory Integration

Those with ___________ experience uncontrollable bouts of sleep in their waking lives.

narcolepsy

Olfactory sensory neurons synapse in the ________.

olfactory bulbs

The ________ is sensitive to contextual relations based on the presence of other objects.

parahippocampal cortex (PHC)

Sleep signs can be observed using a physiological recording technique known as __________.

polysomnography

The magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) provide information about the ___________ of a visual stimulus.

position

The ________ is part of the "where" stream in auditory processing.

posterior parietal cortex

fMRI studies indicate that, compared with sighted individuals, blind individuals have more neural connections between the ________ and visual cortical areas.

primary auditory

Measuring a person's perceptions in response to a changing sensory stimulus is the basis of ________.

psychophysics

The visual photoreceptors found in the retina are referred to as ______________.

rods and cones

_________________ avoids sensory overload.

sensory adaptation

Which of the following V1 neurons would be most likely to respond to a vertical bar-shaped visual stimulus located in a specific part of the visual field?

simple cells

The ___________ suggests that if sleep is necessary for normal physiological functions then lost sleep would need to be made up to regain optimal functioning.

sleep rebound effect

The presentation of an odor cue previously associated with learning a spatial task will improve recall of that task if presented during ________ sleep.

slow-wave

The ________ neural pathway carries information about pain and temperature sensation from the skin.

spinothalamic (anterolateral)

The detection of light by rhodopsin leads to the ___________.

stimulation of phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Which of the following is part of the auditory pathway?

superior olivary nucleus

When stimulation of one sense triggers additional, seemingly unrelated perceptual experiences, this is called ________.

synesthesia

The perception of flavor is based on ____________.

the convergence of multiple senses

Weber's law states. _________________.

the just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the initial stimulus

The whisker representations on the map of the rat somatosensory cortex are ________.

the most important for its survival

A receptive field is defined as __________.

the sensory area that a sensory neuron receives information from

The cortical processing of information is considered a form of ___________ visual processing.

top-down

The conversion of physical energy to neural energy is called ___________.

transduction

The ___________, an area involved in sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms, is located in the hypothalamus.

tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)

The eardrum is also known as the ________ membrane.

tympanic

Individuals in _____________appear to be awake yet exhibit no awareness of external stimuli, such as a hand waving in front of their face

vegetative states

The McGurk effect describes how __________.

we integrate auditory cues (the sounds of speech) with visual cues (lip movements)