Chapter 6, 9, 10
Studies suggest that no more than ________ of lost sleep is recovered following sleep deprivation.
30%
Hypercomplex cells in V1 would respond to which stimulus
A bar-shaped stimuli of a particular length as well as aspects of position and orientation.
According to the opponent process theory of color vision, what happens when "yellow" photoreceptors become fatigued?
A blue afterimage will appear
According to Ewald Hering, what happens when "yellow" photoreceptors become fatigued?
A blue afterimage will appear.
__________________ is the lowest intensity of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time.
Absolute threshold
___________ may promote the onset of sleep by inhibiting the activation of cholinergic neurons in the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS).
Acetylcholine
When the sleeping brain turns to violence, the behavior is considered an example of an_________, an involuntary complex response that occurs outside of conscious awareness.
Automatism.
_____________ may be targeted externally or internally and is associated with activation in the frontoparietal association areas.
Awareness
Chapter 7 over
Chapter 9 Begins
The most densely populated area of ___________ is in the fovea, where our vision is the sharpest.
Cones
What might be a mechanism underlying individuals who have narcolepsy?
Diminished hypocretin/orexin receptor binding.
An ______________ assesses brain wave activity.
EEG
An ______________ assesses eye movements.
EOG
__________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is found in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) along with GABA.
Galanin
Which of the following components of the ear actually forms synapses with the auditory nerve?
Hair cells
_____________ is associated with increased activity in the cingulate cortex and parahippocampal cortex.
Internal awareness
What is one of the first brain nuclei that receives visual information from ganglion cells in the retina?
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus.
Which of the following is most closely linked to the action of horizontal cells?
Mach bands
________ are sensitive to light touch and are concentrated in sensitive skin areas, such as fingers and lips.
Meissner's corpuscles
___________ is considered a sleep facilitator and has been investigated as a potential treatment for insomnia.
Melatonin
The ________ contains the area of the cochlea that contains the receptive cells (hair cells) for audition.
Organ of Corti
Long-term sleep deprivation often leads to a ___________ sleep rebound effect.
REM
________ occurs when one's eyes move back and forth during sleep and their brain wave activity appears like that of the waking state.
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
What is the correct order that light enters the body to control circadian rhythms?
Retina; retinohypothalamic tract; suprachiasmatic nucleus.
________ is detecting information about our environmental context.
Sensation
________ have been demonstrated in both sighted and congenitally blind subjects.
Similar mirror neuron networks
________ are observed in rats while learning a maze and a subsequent bout of sleeping.
Similar patterns of cortical and hippocampal activation
The suggestion that color vision provides information about health or emotional status is most consistent with ________.
Skin theory of color vision.
________ is characterized by waking episodes that invade the nighttime sleep structure such as pauses in breathing during sleeping, resulting in daytime sleepiness.
Sleep apnea
During which stage of sleep would it likely be the most difficult to wake someone?
Slow wave sleep (SWS).
Which of the following is the best example of multisensory integration?
The flavor of a food.
Which of the following lines of evidence supports the skin theory of color vision?
The lack of facial fur in some primates.
Why is it that dim stars in the night sky sometimes disappear when you look directly at them?
The light from the dim star is focused on cones in the fovea, which are less sensitive than rods.
________ have been found to be less effective in individuals who have an interrupted night of sleep.
Vaccines
The internal cavity of the eye is filled with a jellylike substance, known as the ______________.
Vitreous Humor
________ are environmental triggers which set circadian rhythms.
Zeitgebers
Which of the following statements about the blind spot is wrong?
a. There are no photoreceptors in the blind spot. Correct b. The axons of ganglion cells in the blind spot cannot produce action potentials. c. Higher cortical areas fill in the gaps of visual information left by the blind spot. d. The optic nerve exits the retina in the blind spot.
Brightness refers to the ________ of a light stimulus.
a. wavelength Correct b. intensity c. purity d. focus
The ___________ proposes that a dream is a storyline synthesized to turn random brain activity while asleep into something intelligible.
activation-synthesis model of dreaming
Sensory receptors and their corresponding receptive cortical areas ________ to changing modes of presentation.
adapt
The ________ suggests that animals evolved different sleep durations according to which helped them survive best.
adaptive theory of sleep
Adenosine is a byproduct of ___________ metabolism.
adenosine triphosphate
Despite their effect of reducing REM sleep, users of ________, do not exhibit cognitive side effects of REM sleep loss.
antidepressants
REM sleep is characterized by suppressed muscle tone, also known as ___________.
atonia
Firing of ganglion cells is considered a form of ___________ visual processing.
bottom-up
The ___________ contribute to producing and sustaining wakefulness by maintaining the fast desynchronized β waves during the waking hours.
cholinergic pons/midbrain areas
The koniocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) provide information about the ___________ of a visual stimulus.
color
Patients in _____________ show no signs of wakefulness or awareness
comas
The retina and LGN contain cells with a ___________ receptive fields.
concentric
________ are prepackaged visual perceptual templates of stimuli that we are likely to encounter
context frames
Lateral inhibition emphasizes a visual feature called ___________ which help detect edges in a visual stimulus.
contrast enhancement
The pupil and iris of the eye are covered by a transparent surface known as the ______________.
cornea
Tactile information arriving from the body is organized along specific ________, or body territories, each innervated by a specific spinal nerve.
dermatomes
Neural messages from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are related solely to the ________ of light in the environment.
detection
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) ________ physiological rhythms with a period shorter than 24 hours.
does not appear to control
The visual cortex located outside of the primary visual cortex (V1) is known as the ___________.
extrastriate cortex
Tactile stimulation following a brain injury results in ________.
facilitated functional recovery in a reaching task.
When humans segment sleep into first sleep and second sleep, ________.
first sleep is more SWS and second sleep is more REM
Area V3 responds to ___________..
form and motion
No single species of animal possesses the ability to ___________.
fully interpret the surrounding world
________ is detecting information about our environmental context.
hair cells
______________ fill in the visual gaps left by the blind spot.
higher cortical areas
The ___________ holds that the function of sleep is to provide rest and recovery.
homeostatic theory of sleep regulation
___________ process information in a lateral direction across the retina.
horizontal and amacrine cells
Lateral inhibition depends on ___________.
horizontal cells
Narcolepsy sufferers may exhibit impaired ________ neurotransmission.
hypocretin/orexin
The minimum amount that a stimulus must change for a subject to detect a difference in the stimulus intensity is called the ________.
just noticeable difference (JND)
Noradrenaline inputs from the ________________ promote wakefulness by activating neurons projecting from the thalamus to the cortex.
locus coeruleus
Research has indicated that _______ can be used to induce phase shifts, or realignment, in circadian clocks.
melatonin
Patients in _____________ may exhibit nonreflexive behaviors, such as visual tracking or responding to simple commands, but show no further evidence of awareness
minimally conscious states
Alpha (α) waves (8-12 Hertz), are ________.
more regular or consistent in their shape found in awake, but drowsy brains
Area V5 responds to ___________..
motion
The simultaneous integration of multiple sensory systems is called _______.
multisensory Integration
Those with ___________ experience uncontrollable bouts of sleep in their waking lives.
narcolepsy
Olfactory sensory neurons synapse in the ________.
olfactory bulbs
The ________ is sensitive to contextual relations based on the presence of other objects.
parahippocampal cortex (PHC)
Sleep signs can be observed using a physiological recording technique known as __________.
polysomnography
The magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) provide information about the ___________ of a visual stimulus.
position
The ________ is part of the "where" stream in auditory processing.
posterior parietal cortex
fMRI studies indicate that, compared with sighted individuals, blind individuals have more neural connections between the ________ and visual cortical areas.
primary auditory
Measuring a person's perceptions in response to a changing sensory stimulus is the basis of ________.
psychophysics
The visual photoreceptors found in the retina are referred to as ______________.
rods and cones
_________________ avoids sensory overload.
sensory adaptation
Which of the following V1 neurons would be most likely to respond to a vertical bar-shaped visual stimulus located in a specific part of the visual field?
simple cells
The ___________ suggests that if sleep is necessary for normal physiological functions then lost sleep would need to be made up to regain optimal functioning.
sleep rebound effect
The presentation of an odor cue previously associated with learning a spatial task will improve recall of that task if presented during ________ sleep.
slow-wave
The ________ neural pathway carries information about pain and temperature sensation from the skin.
spinothalamic (anterolateral)
The detection of light by rhodopsin leads to the ___________.
stimulation of phosphodiesterase (PDE)
Which of the following is part of the auditory pathway?
superior olivary nucleus
When stimulation of one sense triggers additional, seemingly unrelated perceptual experiences, this is called ________.
synesthesia
The perception of flavor is based on ____________.
the convergence of multiple senses
Weber's law states. _________________.
the just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the initial stimulus
The whisker representations on the map of the rat somatosensory cortex are ________.
the most important for its survival
A receptive field is defined as __________.
the sensory area that a sensory neuron receives information from
The cortical processing of information is considered a form of ___________ visual processing.
top-down
The conversion of physical energy to neural energy is called ___________.
transduction
The ___________, an area involved in sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms, is located in the hypothalamus.
tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)
The eardrum is also known as the ________ membrane.
tympanic
Individuals in _____________appear to be awake yet exhibit no awareness of external stimuli, such as a hand waving in front of their face
vegetative states
The McGurk effect describes how __________.
we integrate auditory cues (the sounds of speech) with visual cues (lip movements)